Innovation and Enterpreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation and Enterpreneurship - Essay ExampleThey atomic number 18 also the advantages that a commerce gains in having an entrepreneur who has the ability to run the line of credit effectively. They include business growth, competition, company success, among others which are all roles that innovation and entrepreneurship play in a business. The work has also set barriers that affect the murder of innovations in a business. These include drop of enough funding, fear of risk taking, and lack of proper and adequate measures. These are the factors that hinder growth of a business. The work also focuses on factors that alleviate or negatively affect entrepreneurial management towards innovation outcomes. These are the factors that help the business to take a crap to the outcomes of the innovations. It also gives a case study on Architas Company and later gives recommendations on possible methods of conflict the challenges faced by organizations towards innovation achievement. Introduction The rising harsh economic conditions have led to a high competition in the business perseverance. All those people who have ventured in to the business industry are looking possible means to do away with the rise in competition, in the market. some(prenominal) businesses providing same serve to customers exist in todays market, and it is only the strategically placed and static businesses that result stand a chance to succeed in the market. Their success will depend on the innovative measures the business takes to beat the competition and the high demand for services provided to the customers. It is these measures that will enable the business to provide services that are rare to other business owners. The work that follows, presents the roles and values of innovation and entrepreneurship in a business, barriers to effective innovations and entrepreneurship, and possible solutions to the problems. Background information Innovation is the process of translating an i dea or conception into a good or service to create value or cause customers to pay for it (Dodgson and David, 2010). whatsoever idea invented by a business for satisfaction of customers need must pay off the customer for it to become innovative. Innovation involves a number of activities imagination of a viable idea that will extract value from the resources, application of possible information, and the process of converting the ideas into useful products. Innovation becomes useful when the company applies the ideas to impinge on the needs and demands of the customer (Dodgson and David, 2010). It is the ideas successfully applied in organizational outcomes and processes. Entrepreneurship is the process of recognizing and seizing opportunities, converting them into workable or marketable ideas by adding value to them by time, money effort or skills. It is assuming the risks in the implementation of these ideas and the realization of the benefits from these efforts to beat the hi gh competition in the market (Kuratko, 2009 4). Entrepreneurship is the process of creating increment of wealth through innovative practices and ideas that aim at meeting the demands of the customer in the market. It is the process that leads to the provision of better services and goods according to the line which the business ventures (Kuratko, 2009 5). Entrepreneurship is an ideological process of change, cosmea, and vision, which requires application of passion and energy in the creation of ideas and solutions. Roles of innovation and entrepreneurship in the economy Innovation and entrepreneurship go hand in hand, in any business. The viability of a business in implementing its innovative ideas depends on its entrepreneurial ability, that is, whether it has the best human and material resource compulsory for meeting the goal. Entrepreneurship and innovation play an

Brazil, One of the BRICS Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

brazil-nut tree, One of the BRICS Countries - Essay ExampleBrazil has since been a leading area in the global scene with the integration of all of the universal races from all the continents. The mulatto constitutes the twinkling majority of the macrocosm with the whites occupying 53% in population (Nascimento, 2007). The rest are black and other tribes that trade the remaining constitution in the population. The largest South American kingdom has been developed based on a diverse economic activity with a tropical climate in the north and temperate gray climate. The nation has been developed based on these activities and the abundance of a rich mineral reserve that supplies the population with a livelihood source to support a growing population. The rich composition of the Brazilian nation has been built on diversity in the population and the rich culture that shape the development witnessed in the country. A multi-dynamic population that forms the culture constitutes the comp osition of Brazil. The nation had been formed based on the indigenous Portuguese population that dictated the initial cultural rules and the catholic religion that is more dominant. However, the southern nation experient an increased migration pattern that saw the arrival of an increased and diversified culture. The population has been created based on the sterling(prenominal) population composers in Indigenous Americans, Africans and the varied Portuguese population that have interacted to create diversity experienced in Brazil. The architecture in Brazil, the Portuguese language and the religion has since been the identity of the nation based on the original inhabitants of the land. The multicultural platform has created integration that tolerates foreign inhabitants capable of integrating into the population, and generating the cultural affiliation realise in the bend of traditional and contemporary cultural traditions. The population composition of Brazil has reflected the c ulture of the nation with African, American, Portuguese and European nations reflecting the identity of the nation. The mestizos had been created as the result of the interaction of the colonizers in Portuguese and the natives. The Mulattoes were a refreshing culture from the African slaves and the colonizers and after liberation in 1888 slavery was eradicated to eliminate racial imbalance (Hollander, 2003). The consummate population in Brazil adopted Portuguese as the language for interaction with the Roman Catholic religion constituting the chief religion in Brazil. Hollander (2003) state that the diverse population has also influenced the food, culture and heritage of the nation, to present, distinct practices to be highlighted in the ceremonies witnessed. The cultural affiliations are reflected in the greatest event practiced in Brazil during the carnival held 46 days prior to the Easter holiday. The reflection accorded had been the culture practiced in the pagan religion tha t had existed in the native inhabitants before the introduction of Christianity. Varied tribes occupy the regions in Brazil and each bear varied principles and practices. The Bahia region composed on mainly African origin practice a distinct music, language and religious perspectives. The food that is mostly adopted in the culture has been in rice and beans with manioc as the leading composition in the diet. Although urbanization has led to the adoption of a globalized trend in completion of the activities, there has been the preservation of the cultural

LOG503 Managing Logistics Operations (MOD 2) SLP Essay

LOG503 Managing Logistics Operations (MOD 2) SLP - Essay mannequinThe logistical system of Wal-mart must work flawlessly so as to be able to cook such a big hold on. Wal-mart has a distribution system that distributes nearly 85 percent of the quantity w ars sold in its own stores (Atchmeyer, 2002).Wal-marts major aim is to sell its goods at the lowest wrong possible (Atchmeyer, 2002 Mohan, 2003). To achieve this, Wal-Mart obtains goods nowadays from the manufacturers and sells them directly to its retail customers bypassing all intermediaries (Mohan, 2003). Thus Wal-mart has its own distribution centers strategically located at different locations all over the US. The strategy employed here is that one distribution store can serve 150-200 stores (Atchmeyer, 2002). This has made sure that the stores no matter how far they be are within one days driving distance (Atchmeyer, 2002).The distribution centres operate 24 hours a day because the conveyer belts are laser-guided (Atchme yer, 2002). An advanced opportunistic cross-docking procedure is in use as the goods are picked directly from the manufacturers premises and directly taken to the retail consumers. This ensures that the systems are very efficient as well as they do not need to store the material (Atchmeyer, 2002). It is basically from the stores directly to the shelves.The beau monde owns a fleet of over 12,000 trailers 3,000 trucks (Mohan, 2003). In contrast to its competitors who subcontract the trucking services (Magretta, 2002). Additionally, the company is quite meticulous in hiring its drivers. For a driver to qualify to work for Wal-Mart, they got to have a steer record of over 300,000 accident free miles without any major traffic violations (Mohan, 2003).Wal-Mart has developed a deed of methods to individually deal with each of its stores inventory (Magretta, 2002). The solutions are tailor made for each individual store in order to cover the logistical challenges posed. These measures

Macromolecule Research Project Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macromolecule Research Project Overview - Essay Examplerates ar 1.) Monosaccharide, 2.) Disaccharides, 3.) Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide of up to 10,000 glucose molecules per chain, where parallel chains are cross-linked with H bonds forming bundles of 60-70 molecules. These are a.) Starch which are non-water-soluble polymer of glucose, and energy shop molecules concentrated as granules within plant cells b.) Glycogen which are water-soluble, branched polysaccharides storage form in animal liver and muscle cells c.) Chitin which are tough molecules of glucose and the second most voluminous molecule that forms the major component of fungal cell wall and the exoskeleton of insects and arthropods, recently used as functional suturing threads and d.) Cellulose which are the structural material in plant cell wall (Campbell & Reece 2002).Lipids are substances with an oily, greasy or waxy consistency which are relatively insoluble in water and go to be water-repelli ng, hydrophobic, i. g. cuticle on leaf surfaces (Mader 2001). This is also important biological burns, hormones and structural components of cell membranes (Mader 2001). neutral fats and oils are the most abundant forms found in both plants and animals. Fats are economical storage for fuel reserves and there is twice more energy as the same quantity of carbohydrates it can afford (Mader 2001). Fatty acids which are the main components of neutral fats and phospholipids are of 30 different kinds such as arrant(a) fatty acids which are solid at room temperature, i. g. butter and palmitic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids, oils, which are eloquent at room temperature, i. g. linoleic acid. Important lipids are phospholipids which are the main component of cellular membranes, steroids which are too components of membranes and also hormones such as testosterone for sexual growth and development of men and estrogen and progesterone for women sexual growth and development with cholest erol as the main precursor, and carotenoids which are

Four Freedoms for All Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Four Freedoms for All - Essay ExampleThe first freedom, that of spoken intercourse is the hallmark of a democratic society where people are free to express their opinions on a variety of subjects. Speech differentiates man from any other form of life and allows humans to communicate, and through this communication to explore and create in fields as diverse as music or art, intelligence or medicine. This freedom of speech and expression is non just a basic right, just now likewise a means to impart ideas that contribute to mans ever increasing knowledge as well as his growth, happiness, and well-being. The curtailment of this freedom can subdue man for a while but in the end, when he sees others enjoying it, revolt is inevitable. In todays world of speedy communication, this phenomenon is being more and more seen in the oerthrow of dictatorships around the world. In democratic societies, it is the tool implementd to keep a watch on the activities of those in power, because u nbridled power can lead to corruption. This freedom in the hands of the media is a powerful tool to place facts before the people so they are in a stupefy to make informed choices while choosing their leaders. However, every right comes with a responsibility and freedom of speech does not mean maligning others or their way of life and customs or traditions. A responsible way to use freedom of speech is to respect the rights and freedoms of others.The second freedom is mans freedom to worship the divinity fudge or gods of his choice and in a way, he feels fit for his own peace of mind. Today ghostlike intolerance is what is leading to many of the worlds problems. ... It is important to note that a mans religion or religious beliefs are his personal choice hence it is important for each atomic number 53 of us to have the freedom to choose whom we worship and how we do it. Ultimately all religions preach the corresponding things and they really are the same except for the names th at they go by, which again are given to them by man. Religion and religious beliefs have always been the source of conflict since the time man began to worship personality and the elements. Every religion has gone through phases when people were killed and tortured in the name of religion. Most religious leaders are under the impression that the greater the numbers of their followers, the better their religion or the stronger their faith, shortsighted realizing that no religious body teaches its followers to kill or steal or lie. Despite this key truth that is self evident, religious persecutions have dogged mankind from time immemorial and persist rase to this day. International bodies can pass resolutions and nation states can pass laws, but ultimately unless man is involuntary to admit that religion is a personal choice and cannot be forced on another through fear, real freedom of worship cannot be attained. The third freedom, that of freedom from want is the vast imbalance surrounded by the haves and the have nots. There are some countries in our world where poverty is rampant. The people do not have the basic necessities of two square meals a day or a roof over their heads. Here malnourished mothers give birth to underweight babies who do not have a demote to grow into healthy children or adults. Infant mortality rates are high, and those babies who do survive, fall stone pit to diseases that are spread due to the unhygienic conditions in

A comparison of Hebrew Flood Story, Babylonian and Summarian Flood Research Paper

A comparison of Hebraic Flood Story, Babylonian and Summarian Flood Story - Research Paper ExampleOnly bingle man and his family were saved in severally case. The Hebrew flood horizontal surface, which is sometimes called the Genesis flood story, tells of a man called Noah, who was the only upright man in his time. Noah was commanded by God to relieve oneself an ark and gather a pair of all species of breeding a male and a female, into it. These animals joined Noah and his family in the ark when the floods came. In a sense, Noah was the second Adam. He was bandaged to be the new progenitor of the clement race. Those of his generation were washed-up because of their evil ways. The Babylon flood story was the commencement one to be discovered, and talks of Utnapishtim who is like the Biblical Noah who was used by the gods, to shew a station and save mankind. The Summarian flood story is a myth that talks of a Summarian hero called Gilgamesh who transverse the serviceman to deceive death that is he wanted to be immortal, and he came across an old man Utnapishtim who told him of the chivalric incidents of the flood in Babylon that made him immortal. The flood story is copied from Babylonian Gilgamesh era, and it is one of the versions of Babylonian flood stories. Although it is not clear if Hebrew flood story was derived from an former Babylonian flood story, or the Summarian flood story was the one copied from an earlier Hebrew flood story, or that both of them were imitation of the same source that gives an earlier date for both of them. Similarities amongst the Hebrew flood story, Babylonian and Summarian flood story The stories shows how mankind had rick intolerable to God and the gods and were guilty of sin thus were punished. In Hebrews story, mankind had become so sinful and evil and in Babylonian story, they had become in addition many and raucous to god. The Summarian man kind was too noisy for the gods. The floods marked the turning poi nt in the relationship between gods and man kind and he decided to use the floods to punish them for their sins. The Hebrew Flood story talks of Noahs duty to safety mankind after God had punished them. In all the stories, there was a relationship between gods and the heros, this shows the cultural and moral perspective of the stories as floods are also used in each story, to show the common origin (Boadt 189). The stories show that there exists a Supreme Being that saw the human beings in the world as wicked and thus they should be punished and hence he destroyed the world by flood. The gods used one person in all cases to build an ark that will sustain the flood when he destroys the world. It is the same person that the gods use to create a new generation. In Hebrew flood story, he used Noah, one man who was his favorite to save his family and the representatives of all living creatures. In Babylonia flood story Ea the god of wisdom used Utnapishtim who was his favourite righteo us man and he is the one who was warned and informed of the destruction through a dream. The meanings of the names although differ as Noah means rest darn Utnapishtim means finder of life. None of the people used was faultless but, the gods considered them righteous compared to the people nearly them. In Summarian flood story, Gilgamesh was a domineering ruler to his subjects and they in turn, called upon the gods, to send him nemesis. It is the same persons that the gods ordered to build arks, which were to have many compartments, and it is the same boats that would eventually escape the floods. The human kind was to escape the floods by embarkment the ark. At the same time, the people at that time did not have the technological know how to build such things as vehicles, or airplanes thus the ark was constructed. The gods further used these same individuals to warn the rest of the approach

Discuss The Controversy Surrounding The Chapman Brothers Rectified Essay

Discuss The Controversy Surrounding The Chapman Brothers find Works of Francisco Goyas Disasters of struggle Series - Essay ExampleThe best in Goya came during the period of war in Spain and this shows that wars really bring out the best in men. The controversy that surrounded the rectification of his bailiwick by the Goya Brothers was borne out of the love that this critics had for this great artistryist and his art work. The Chapman brothers have been accused of defacing the etchings they purchased from Goyas Disasters of War as the Chapman Brothers Insult to reproach had some funny faces that made their collections controversial in nature. The Brothers have been accused of on purpose defacing the appearance of Goyas Disasters of War and some have even said that they used their Insult to soil to mock Goyas works. Although the Chapman Brothers have claimed that Francisco Goya was their model, the fact however remains that the rectification of his Disasters of War actually dis proves this fancy if wizard considers the fact that they tried to transform the work of their so called model in order to turn their own work that is different from his work in several ways (Chapman). The Chapman Brothers succeeded in transforming Goyas work into sheer pornographic Surrealism but it should be underscored that Goya was more into Romanticism. The issue that has been raised by the critics is that the Chapman Brothers bought a cast of 83 etchings from Goyas Disasters of War and vandalised it. The critics have claimed that the Chapman Brothers were aware that this great art work by Goya is one of the most venerated series of prints in existence (Mey, 2007, p.1). The Chapman Brothers have not only made attempts to erase the memories of the artists from the police wagon of men, but they have also destroyed and obscured a great artwork, thus attracting lots of controversies to themselves and their rectified art work. Controversy based on Semiotics The Chapman Brothers unscrupulously rectified the works of Francisco Goyas Disaster of War Series, which Goya himself used to represent the horrors of the war between 1810 and 1820. In the original work of Goya, he used symbols of cosmos as an allegory to the sufferings of humans during the war and to express his dissatisfaction and horror at the disgusting lunacy of war. In rectifying the works of Francisco Goyas Disaster of War Series, the Chapman Brothers used survey images to represent the sufferings of humans that Goya was trying to discover through his images and the fact that Chapman derailed from the original message of Goya made people to criticize the revised works of the Chapman Brothers. common in their broad-brush detestation of Enlightenment tradition are Jake and Dinos Chapman, postmodern artists most famous for Insult to Injury, their vandalized or rectified appropriation of Goyas Disaster of War prints, in which they pasted fiendish zany and puppy heads over every victims grimace... . (Broderick, 2005, p.9). The controversy that surrounded the works of the Chapman Brothers was caused by the cartoon images that they superimposed in their work as they used the symbols of puppies or clowns as figures to represent the human sufferings that Goya intend to show people through his Disaster of War

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

function management - Essay Exampleconomic crunch has made customers to shrink their budgets thereby preferring airlines that charge relatively little than others one of them being Southwest Airlines. This airline is an example to many the world over due to its agreeable profitability streak since its establishment.Southwest Airlines is one of the most profitable and respected airlines in the world. It is a essential airline having been established in 1971 as a low cost choice for Americans. It has its base in Dallas, Texas and it serves more than 85 million passengers annually (Southwest 2011). Its net income is well over 100 million dollars a year which it uses for expansion and other strategies. During its establishment the airline had only 3 aircrafts but it currently has a fleet of over 500. All these aircrafts are from Boeing and they help the airline to traverse the US skies while constituent more than 70 cities (Southwest 2011). Due to its point-to-point strategy it reco rds one of the highest numbers of flights at 3,100 per day. For it to support these emoluments it has use 35,000 people many of whom are able to multitask in various departments which makes them some of the most highly stipendiary in the American airline industry. Considering the huge customer base and the demand for its services, the airline has done beautiful well as it currently stands to be the best in customer service in the US airline market. The company management has for decades managed to stick to the low cost initiative by minimising operational cost and improving on efficiency. Unlike its rivals Regional Airlines and AMR, it has all along charged low fares and offered simplicity in its service range. The above information is summed up by the airlines mission statement which part statesThe Chief Executive Officer Gary Kelly who is also the President is following his predecessors by ensuring that customers receive the best service and utmost attention from the company staff. This has been possible throughout the years

Violent Media is Good for Kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violent Media is Good for Kids - Essay ExampleThe author argues that Violent Media is Good for Kids. This is brought egress clearly when the author begins by talking about his childhood experiences in the first paragraph. Despite the concomitant that he does not mention this thesis out rightly, he talks about how a unfounded comic book transformed him from a state of loneliness and being passive to being a conqueror of his fears. Later on in the essay, he says that such positive transformation is because of violent media and thus parents should therefore not be quick to judge that violent media materials are necessarily a deleterious influence to children. The author chose to exemplify the theme of his story through a discussion of how violent media positively affects the life of kids. This keeps readers want to read more and find out the manner in which violent media is opportune to kids. It makes the authors story more captivating and interesting.The thesis of the article is adequately supported. Even though there are no statistics used in the article, the author uses examples to expand on his thought. Gerard Jones has given a personal example of how a violent comic book turned him in to a productive writer of violent comic books and movies. He also speaks of his son who had fears of climbing a tree. In the 5th paragraph of the article, he says, In the first grade, his friends started climbing a tree at school. However, he was cowardly of falling, of the centipedes crawling on the trunk, of sharp branches, of his friends derision.

Corporate social responsibility Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16500 words

collective social responsibility - Dissertation ExampleOrganisations have recognised the magnificence of generating various strategies by which they could service from their operations. One of the business initiatives recognised as increasing the financial performance of a company is the hire of corporate social responsibility. Briefly, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined as those methods by which an organisation minimizes its electronegative impacts on the environment and society. To ensure the maximization of benefits arising from CSR, it is important to give consideration to employees. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted with wonder to the role of the employees in ensuring CSR. In this front study, the role of the employees has been validated. True enough, corporations have acknowledged their importance and it is in this regard that they have coming up with various initiatives to promote employee engagement. However, these strategies have not been e mployed in the branches of the companies outside their home country, in view of their desire to reduce operational costs. This study makes use of a qualitative design to explore the topic at hand. Chapter One Introduction Background of the study The importance of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) was first addressed during the Johannesburg World Summit on sustainable Development in 2002 (Kotler and Lee, 2005). In highlighting its importance, many have argued that to ensure their efficiency companies nowadays must also be able to give consideration to social and environmental areas. Aside from this, they are excessively mandated to deliver the results of their achievements in honest and transparent ways (Werther and Chandler, 2010). Apparently, the participants of the said summit have recognised the accompaniment that it is through the attainment of these purposes that the efficiency of the companies is guaranteed. The development of a framework was one of the m ost significant contributions of this especial(a) summit (Kotler and Lee, 2005). In the said framework, two approaches were reflected the advocacy as regards the adoption of regulatory frameworks that makes the concept of CSR mandatary based on the behaviour of the entrepreneur (OECD, 2001). This particular approach is popular amongst developing countries and the major non-governmental organisations that were present at the said summit. As was to be expected, there were others who rather objected thereto. The business organisations that also participated in the event, and therefore contributed to the development of the said framework, mentioned that compliance with the principles of CSR must be voluntary and not mandatory (Banerjee, 2007 Werther and Chandler, 2010). They also recommended the motivation to develop broad agreements such as the initiative of the United Nations

How And Why Do NGOs Attempt to Scale up Their Development Efforts Essay

How And Why Do NGOs Attempt to Scale up Their Development Efforts - Essay exemplarThis report stresses that twentieth century globalization gave NGOs a whole new undertake because many problems arose that could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and organizations such as earth Trade Organization were considered biased towards capitalist interests. NGOs lay emphasis on humanitarian issues, developmental helper and sustainable development which helped in counterbalancing the capitalist trend. A prominent example of this is the World affectionate Forum, a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alagre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. This article makes a conclusion that in the era of information technology, individuals and organizations serving community interests are challenged to incorporate new skills and strategies to scale-up the ir impact in solution to social challenges. In an increasingly interconnected and information-intensive environment, strategically managing information and value trunks is rapidly becoming as important as sound financial management to an organizations effectiveness and sustainability. A firm value system helps Visioning and valuation-facilitating the development of organization-wide commitment to enhanced communications and Communications planning to construct innovative and appropriate organisational strategies which aids in Fostering internal and external networking.

Discuss paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss paper - Essay ExampleIt should be noted that in that location were a oppose of preliminary injections that were injected in the crayfish before using 5HT antagonist for stress exposure within the body.In order to make sure that the inquiry data was not flawed, the researchers made all the hemolymph samples at the alike(p) time. Notably the timings were marked to be 10am to 1pm. In addition, the process involved the usage of 25 l with the pull in was noted in order to insert in the soft cuticle (Fossat et al. 2014).The analysis of the data poised during the research work was critically analyzed using non-parametric tests. This is a statistical test which ensures reliable results for research works associated with animal stress. As mentioned in the research paper, the result of the research work marked that there is an avid difference between a stressed and non-stressed animal by glucose titers at t=0 (0, 050, 01 g/l, n=8), t=30 151 (0, 060, 01 g/l, n=7) and t=60 min (0,0 760,007 g/l, n=3) (Fossat et al. 2014). The results of the research have surely made researchers give a new thinking precis when it comes to stress in

Freire as a Lens for The Bluest Eye and Enders Game Essay

Freire as a Lens for The Bluest Eye and Enders Game - Essay ExampleIn another work of Orson Scott, Enders Game, we see characters wanting their values in the futures for not considering their past events. whole these pieces of literature depict characters that are not exposed of comprehending and moving on without their past background or characters that are not able to lay remote their own past. Paulos stimulating critique of the dominant education banking model leads to his autonomous proposals of problem-posing education in which men and women develop the power to observe the way they exist in their world critically with, and in which they get themselves in. They come to see later that the earth, not as a static realism unless a reality of the process of transformation (Peter 201). This offers to us, and especially all of those who have experienced subordination with an prerequisite assimilation policy a path in which we comprehend what it signifies to come to a ethnic vo ice. It is a process always involving pain and hope a process in which, as obligatory cultural jugglers, we can approach subjectivity, transcending entity positions in a society hosting us yet is alien. Paulo condemnation of conquest was not simply the intellectual exercise often found among many pseudo critical educators and liquid liberals. His intellectual brilliancy and courage in denouncing the configurations of oppression got entrenched in an intensively real and stuff sagaciousness, as he recounts in his letters to Cristina. Problem-posing education is a revolutionary futurity (Peter 34). Therefore, it is prophetic (and, by itself, hopeful). Hence, it matches up to the historical character of humankind. Hence, it asserts women and men as creatures who transcend themselves, for which immobility characterizes a fatal threat, creatures that give-up the ghost ahead and look forward. Looking at the past have only been a way of understanding further clearly who and what they a re with the intention that they can more intelligently build the future. Thus, it identifies with the faction which engages humanity as beings conscious of their incompletion a historical faction which has its point of a different approach, its objective and Subjects (Peter 59). All these views by Paulo are not looking to its present but only determined with the future of mankind. The future cannot be properly assessed without considering the present and past. The present life appears to be influenced significantly by the past, and the future influenced by the past and present. I am not sure if Orson Scott specifically wrote Enders Game to a youth audience, or if it got colored as a book for teens due to the age of the protagonist. Often, it reads like a young adult title. There are some real tough ethical issues that present themselves, but even if they do not interest the reader, the story moves forward in a convincing way. The book works as an apparent reading, and as somethin g heftier. In the future, aliens threaten the Earth, and though the earth won the round, it was not a quite an reassuring victory. The military equipment is hard at work, trying to work out how to formulate the victory stable, how to hold dear the earth from the inevitable second round. In doing this, they turn to children. Their goal is to find children with the correct temperament and ample aptitude that they can be shaped into soldiers in a defense force that can arrive at resolutely. Contrast to his siblings, who are

Textile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

cloth - Assignment Exampletant to check the dry cleanability of plastic buttons for a rayon print dress because the plastic may dissolve in the dry cleanup solvent used such as perchlorethylene. The plastic becomes bunglesome and the buttons may attach to the fabric hence, staining the print.Consumers should check the dry cleanability of the leather trim on a wool sport coat because the make-up of the coat may entail spandex that is vulnerable to irreversible hurt when subjected to chlorine bleach.The 100% cotton whites may appear gray after dry change because the catch fire and chemical components of the dry cleaning solvent subjected to them weakens the cellulose in the fabric hence, the color. It is possible to restore the original artlessness by using mild soap and non-chlorine bleach to ensure that harsh chemicals do not agree the cellulose structure in the cotton.Some garments are best cleaned by laundering and others by dry cleaning depending on the fabric structure. Cotton garments with spandex would be vulnerable to wear and tear if subjected to a chlorinated dry cleaning solvent.A 100% cotton garment may have a Dry Clean whole label to protect its make-up from the risk of wear and tear caused by harsh environments created by the washables machine. The cellulose structure may disintegrate due to the heat in the washing machine hence dilapidation the

Direct marketing. An advertising campaign Essay

Direct marketing. An advertising case - Essay ExampleDirect marketing is perceived by worldy customers as an undesirable substance of marketing products. Direct marketing includes techniques such(prenominal) as telephone sales and unsolicited emails. When companies rely on these techniques their credibility as a firm is downgraded. There are other forms of legit direct marketing techniques that behave been used by marketers for years to generate revenues. Some of these good direct marketing techniques include catalogs, leaflets, brochures, and coupons. A company that has been very(prenominal) successful globally utilise a direct marketing approach to exchange its products is Amway. Interactive marketing involves having contact with the customer in order to obtain a reaction and feedback from them. The gibe that is utilized the most in the 21st century in the application of interactive marketing is the internet. loving websites such as Facebook provide great interactive mecha nisms that can be used by marketers to blow over with the customers. A website that revolutionized the way people watch programming is Hulu.com. Hulu offers television programs in its website free of charge. The programming has very short moneymaking(prenominal) breaks. During these commercials many advertisers used interactive marketing by providing short one hesitation questionnaires. 7. Samir - participation I like your response but you failed to mention a direct marketing system that is often by companies which is direct telephone sales calls. This method of marketing is very outdated and his perceived in a negative connotation by the customers of today. Nobody likes being pressure into buying a consumer product they dont want or need. I think that the government should regulate telemarketers to turn away the invasion of privacy these sales phone calls represent. Most of these companies are obtaining their sales leads number using unethical practices. I think that interacti ve marketing has a lot of potential for companies doing business the US food market as well as abroad. 8. Kelly participation Convenience is one of the attributes customers look for the most in their shop experience. A company that has revolutionized the supermarket industries is Sainsburys. This UK firm has a service that allows shoppers to purchase their groceries through the website. The online order is subsequently delivered to the someones home. This service saves shoppers a lot of time and it saves them money in commuting expenses. At $4 a gallon customers have to save gasoline any way they can. Other companies such as Walgreens are achieving interactive marketing by offering special offers that can only be ransomed online. For example when the customer completes an online survey at the corporate website they are eligible for coupon savings. DQ1 An advertising run away that was very successful due to its ingenuity, creativity, and ability to captivate the minds of the view ers was the Geico ads. Geico has been running a series of ads using the Gecko character in order to transmit a Geicos slogan, 15 minutes could save you 15% or more on car insurance. The ads are very funny due to the Gecko character. The Gecko has become such a sensation that Geico created an autobiography online video story of the Gecko on its corporate website. This is all great stuff. I believe that this character is the reason Geico has become such a successful auto insurance company. front to the start of the Gecko series of commercials Geico was not a household name in the minds of American consumers. An ad break away that lacks a marketing message due to its simplicity is Coronas beer advertisements. These commercials consist of a man and woman in the beach in lawn chair, the actors done move while stuff occurs around them at the admiration of the Corona beer. The commercial are poor because they do not send a put across marketing message and they are not emphasizing any of the attributes of the product such as quality, flavor, and price. The commercial seem like a low budget project in comparison with the spectacular commercials its foe

The Protectionist Policies of Developed World Essay Example for Free

The Protectionist Policies of Developed cosmea EssayGlobalization is the process of rapid global frugal integration by both developed and undeveloped countries. The principle of globalization aims to facilitate lower deed costs and barriers of the movement of capital and goods (Cable, 1999 in Manning and Baines, 2004), in which the verbalise countries are involved. It can be say that globalization is the earth market and the supply chain is the pipeline that channels the flow of supply. However, globalization may cause smaller and weaker frugal role players (such as developing countries) to be at a injury whenever they consider with highly developed and more influential countries. From the point of view of participating poor countries from Asia, Africa and the centerfield East to the world market, the negotiations on economic protectionist policies have been formulated and executed through the GATT-WTO (Government Agreement on Tariff and Trade of the World Trade Org anizations). The protectionist policies of participating economies representing the developed countries are embodied in the said organization.The negotiations, as creditd, has been framed primarily on (1) integration of outlandish trade rules of non-agricultural sectors, (2) incorporation of developing countries into the trade system, (3) management of trade impact of cash-out in farm support to countries under OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and (4) provision of self-assurance on health and safety for consumers (Josling, 2003). In short, the framers of the negotiations under the GATT-WTO sufficed as the protective principles or safety dough to the rules on participating in the world market.However, it is common knowledge within the agricultural and agro-industrial sector that among the impacts of the GATT-WTO to the poor and developing economies is its incapability to meet the flock of supply to the exporting countries, to which the efficiency of production is unable to hold the given supply contract of exports. In this predicament, the relatively poorer or developing countries would then cooperate with lead economic resource managements, exemplified by joint venture investments in the form of import and exportwherein contrasted traders capital investment in manufacturing basically gains from cheap raw materials and labor. In effect, the poor and developing countries are dictated by the commodity pricing together with the ruling on supply regulation that has alter the domestic revenue generation.Another consideration on the impacts of the GATT-WTO to the poor and developing economies is its incapability to meet the volume of supply to the exporting countries, to which the efficiency of production is unable to sustain the given supply contract of exports. To cite an example, the withdrawal of cotton subsidy to several countries of Eastern and Western Africa has largely affected the production performance, in which cotton production in developing countries has significant role in poverty alleviation (Gillson, Balcombe, and Page, 2004). To cite, the GATT-WTO is taking part in agricultural trade reforms being represented by the rich and developed countries exactly benefit low-income farm households (Hertel, et.al., 2007).In this regard, it may be said that the protectionist policies of developed countries protect their interest at the global distribution and acquisition of economy. Therefore, despite the continuing negotiation on GATT-WTO, the restriction on agricultural trade has great impact to the poor and developing countries.On the other hand, the oversupplying of imported agricultural equipment and technologies that ask to enhance production efficiency serves the ploy of powerful countries to impose the requirements on exports and imports. The imposition of the so-called businesslike and qualitative agricultural products remains a barrier to the poor and developing countries to compete in th e world market. Thus, the ultimate impact is the over-dependency of the poor and developing countries to export-import economic orientation and controlling of the rich countries to the overall economic supply chain that amass the domestic distribution of economy and, in effect, leaves the poor countries in natural poverty.List of ReferencesGillson, I., Poulton, C., Balcombe, K. and Page, S. (2004). Understanding the impact of Cotton Subsidies on developing countries. Working Paper 29 Febraury 2008Josling, T. (2003) Key Issues in the World Trade Organization Negotiation on Agriculture. American Journal of countrified Economics, 85(3), 663-67, American Agricultural Economics Association. 29 February 2008Leclair, M. (2002) Fighting the Tide Alternative Trade Organizations in the Era of Global Free Trade. World Development Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 949958, 2002. Available from www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev 29 February 2008Manning L. and Baines, R.N. (2004) Globalization a study of the p oultry-meat supply chain. Available from http//www.emeraldinsight.com/0007-070X.htm 29 February 2008Steinberg, F. (2008) The violation of the Emerging Powers on the World Economy. Real Instituto Elcano (ARI) International Economy and Trade, Issue 1 January 2008. 29 February 2008Thomas W. Hertel, T., Keeney, R., Ivanic, M. and Winters, L.A. (2007) WTO agricultural reforms. Economic Policy, Printed in Great Britain 29 February 2008

Dream Vacation Essay Example for Free

pipe dream Vacation EssayEighty-five degrees, suns out, sand in your toes, a couple of brews, and you family and friends. That sounds like everyone dream vacation, unless who would complain that sounds like a great time. You see during the summer I would love to take a couple of my friends to go see Dave Matthews Band play somewhere in the southwest. Seeing a project probably isnt the most exciting thing to do in a dream vacation, only as a group of friends we could do something so simple and produce the best time ever. If my friends couldnt come with I honestly think I would not want to go. My friends and I have totally grown up to shither and have become so close that doing anything without one of them is just weird. We would get to this concert by car or plane, but I think if we took a car we could technically call it a road trip so it would make much more memorable.I wouldnt bring my family because they would set rules, and on this vacation I just want to let everything go and have the best time of my life.What would be even better than just going to see Dave once, would be if my friends and I followed him on tour all summer Unfortunately I dont have that sweet of cash, but I will have enough for this dream vacation, road trip when I gelt working in the summer and I cant wait.

Innovative company Essay Example for Free

Innovative beau monde Essay?Innovative Engineering Company was founded by 2 partners Meredith Gale and Shelley Yeaton, shortly after they graduated from engineering school. Within five years the partners had built a well-situated business, primarily through the development of a product line of measuring instruments based on the optical maser principle. Success brought with it the need for new permanent not bad(p). After careful weighing, the partners placed the join of this need at $1. 2 million.This would replace a term loan that was about to mature and provide for plant refinement and related working capital. At first, they sought a wealthy investor, or group of investors, who would provide the $1. 2 million in return for an interest in the partnership. They soon discovered, however, that although some investors were interested in take part in new ventures, none of them was willing to participate as partner in an industrial company because of the risks to their person al fortunes that were inherent in such an arrangement.Gale and Yeaton therefore planned to incorporate the Innovative Engineering Company, in which they would own all the trite. After further investigation, they learned that mandril Capital Corporation, a venture capital firm, might be interested in providing permanent financing. In thinking about what they might visualise to spike, their first idea was that Arbor would be asked for $1. 2 million, of which $1. 1 million would be a long-term loan. For the other $100,000, Arbor would receive 10 percent of the Innovative commonality stock as a sweetener. If Arbor would pay $100,000 for 10 percent of the stock, this would mean that the 90 percent that would be owned by Gale and Yeaton would have a value of $900,000. Although this was considerably higher than Innovatives exonerate assets, they thought this amount was appropriate in view of the profitability of the product line they had successfully developed. A little calculation c onvinced them, however, that this idea (hereafter, proposal A) was too risky. The resulting ratio of debt to equity would be greater than 100 percent, which was considered unfit for an industrial company.Their next idea was to change the debt/ equity ratio by using preferred stock in lieu of most of the debt. Specifically, they thought of a package consisting of $200,00 debt, $900,000 preferred stock, and $100,000 common stock (proposal B). They learned, however, that Arbor Capital Corporation was not interested in accepting preferred stock, even at a dividend which exceeded the interest rate on debt. Thereupon, they approached Arbor with a proposal of $600,000 debt and $600,000 equity (proposal C).For the $600,000 equity, Arbor would receive 6/15 (i. e. , 40 percent) of the common stock. . . . Assignment 1. For all(prenominal) of the four proposals, calculate the return on common shareholders equity (net income after preferred dividends divided by common shareholders equity) that would be earned under each of the three income assumptions. Round calculations to the nearest $1,000 and 1/10 percent. 2. Calculate the pre-tax earnings and return on its $1. 2 million investment to Arbor Capital Corporation under each of the four proposals.Assume that Arbor receives a dividend equal to its portion of common stock ownership times Innovatives net income after preferred dividends (if any) assume a negative dividend if Innovative has a net loss. 3. Were the partners correct in rejecting proposals A and B? 4. Comment on the likelihood that Innovative Engineering Company could find a more attractive financing proposal than proposal D. Answer A. 1. 100k long term loan, 100k = 10% of super acid Stock. B. 200k Debt, 900k Preferred Stock, 100k Common Stock. C. 600k Debt, 600k Equity, arbor will get 40% of the equity D. 300k debt, 900k equity, 50% Interest 8% Dividend 10%

Why was William successful Essay Example for Free

Why was William successful EssayWhen William was crowned King of England he had actually only captured the Southeast. The heartsease of England was all facilitate Anglo-Saxon. In 1066/1067 William, according to the Normans was the legitimate King of England. He had got Edward the Confessors promise that he would be King. He as well as had a kinship with Edward, which do it that more than easier to become King. It didnt hurt Williams cause when Harold obviously usurped the throne and took it for him self it gave William a legitimate reason for invading. Then after William had gained control of the Southeast the rulers of England submitted to him at Little Berkhamstead.Then they allowed him to be crowned King of England with an Anglo-Saxon Service. This shows their acceptance of William as their King. BUT William had made a mistake. He assumed that once he had been crowned King everyone would follow him as their King. William had non gone West of Faringdon and North of Be dford. It just so happened that the remainder of Harolds family was in the West and Edwin and Morcar (the Northern Earls) who were in the North. Both of these groups had not really submitted to William as their king and were willing to start a rebellion to die William becoming even more powerful.The rebellions started because when William went back to Normandy. He had to leave regents in his place to rule for him. He chose Bishop Odo and William fitzOsbern. These two people were kinsmen of Williams and so he knew that he could trust tem. But according to Oderic Vitalis behaved in a violent and cruel fashion and so because of the violent and cruel fashion in which they behaved rebellions started to spring up. The setoff rebellion was in Exeter and involved Harolds family. This is the first time that William shows his policies for rebelling against him.William reacts decisively and with great force. He marches to Exeter, construct castles along the way. When he got to Exeter he b rings out a hostage and blinds him in front of the walls so that everyone could examine it. Then he lays siege to the city. After 18 days the city submits. All William does is to build a castle in the city its self and garrison it. This is Williamss policy He will act with strength (the blinding of the hostage) and he will build castles. The violence scares the people and the castles en trustworthy that the area around them is secure.So far William has been successful against the rebellions against him because he has got superior technology (castles which the Anglo-Saxons have not come up against before) and because he has acted decisively and with violence. He has scared the common people that he has come up against so ofttimes that they will not do it again. 1068 was a far more serious year for William. This took place in the Earldoms of Mercia and Northumbria. Edwin and Morcar decided that they had had enough of William and that they were going to join the Welsh. William once again marches up as unshakable as he could, only stopping off to build castles.The key one being at Warwick which he entrusted to Henry of Bomont. Initially he manages to make peace with Edwin and Morcar, and he pardons the Earls. Whilst all this has been happening Edgar ? thling had decrepit William and had gone to Scotland. Once in Scotland he persuades the King, Malcome, to marry his sister and so joining them together. The Northumbrians with the Scots conquer York. So William once again sets off, again building castles wherever he goes. William then marches on York and captures it. The only thing that he does is to build a castle in York its self.There were many more rebellions on 1068, and all of these William squashed and then built castles all oer the area, thus making sure that all the problem parts of England were covered with Castles. William seemed obsessed by the idea of covering the face of England with castles. That also coupled with the face that he took charge pe rsonally were ever he could and got to the heart of the revolt as quickly as possible meant that there was not really too much damage. The rebellions of 1067 1072 failed, in my view, because of the incident that they were all so spur of the moment and so dispersed form one another.If they had joined up together and planned together, then they might have had a chance. Especially of they had joined up with the Vikings that came and invaded in 1069. The Vikings gave William the most trouble, but because William already had a series of castle sin place all over the country it wasnt as bad as it could have been. William completely destroyed the area around York, so that the Vikings and his other enemies could not make use of it. He destroyed them so badly that the effects were still apparent in the Doomsday book, written many years later.Williamss ferocious suppression of the north of England in 1069 1070 in response to the English and Scandinavian resistance is often regarded as the darkest deed in his reign. William at long last had to pay the Danes to go away so that William could deal with the English rebels him self. So William was successful against the rebels in 1067 1072 strictly because he was more ruthless than they were and because he had access to greater technology, mainly castles building. William terrorised the English so much that they didnt dare rebel again.

Economic development Essay Example for Free

Economic phylogenesis EssayToday, gentility is the near grievous tool for the study of society. There is a direct correlation between facts of life and development of society. The countries that score this fact, giving the required importance for their commandment system, subscribe become highly developed. Education should be promoted since it is the most important factor for the development of a country. The promotion of the education is depended on the factors like literacy rate in a country, trailing rate in the primary, secondary and higher education, proliferation of training technologies, and the quality of the education. This promotion parade should be considered as a necessary condition for economic, technological and social development for a nation. In former(a) words, the process of a successful development depends on the fact of gibing the society a conscious(p) of change which is highly connected to education. Fist of all, education enlightens people. The educated individual is the person who improves oneself. A person increases her/his level of knowledge through education, so he/she has a better understanding and analyzing of daily matters and an agenda.That person can make logical deductions based on the knowledge he gains and refuses the traditional corrupted understanding. item-by-items ability of the interpretation of knowledge through ones intelligence and skills is supported by education accordingly, increasing the creativity and intellectual thinking. An individual can learn about different cultures, lifestyles and memoir from past to present hence education provides universal perspective to an individual. The most important differential of undereducated person is having a narrow point of view.A person should be educated in smart set to learn taking objective decisions and being liberated from the social pressure. Besides, educated people respect the rights of others and they have a fair understanding of the concept of equality, right to life, and right to property. The reason why developed countries generate highly respect to the individual rights is that the education level of the country is being fairly high. On the other hand, the reason why there are deep inequalities between women and men or rich and brusque in under-developed countries is that the education level in there is being fairly low.Besides, there is also a lack of respect to the human rights in these under-developed countries due to low education level. Secondly, education affects the development of wisdom and engineering of a country. Technological developments increase by knowledge and research which is provided by education. It is the advancement and proliferation of technology that makes countries developing by the production of knowledge, schooling of creative minds directs countries develop economically, technologically and politically.Education, advancement of technology and development are in a circle movement which pr oduces itself. Cakmak also says that as a result of the conception of science and technology, mobility of scientific knowledge, and nurturing of individuals with creative minds, countries have experienced important economic and political changes which lead to infinitive competitor among them in the fields of education, development and innovation (Cakmak O. 2008).In addition, developed countries use technology as a part of their education system. Thus, every student can follow technology and learn about the newest advancements which lead them learn better and improve their intelligence. Finally, education leads knowledge turn into money that improves the economy of a country. educated people knowing to learn how to invest, produce, expand the business adjusts and improves the economy causing the increase of gross house servant product per capita.Education also gives more job opportunities to people in the business sector. According to OECD, the movement of education to the econom ic development is proved in the researches of economic growth in 1960s. The researches show that division of education to the economic growths is really important and this percentage differs as %7 in England, %15 in USA, %14 in Belgium, %16 in Argentina, and %25 in Canada (OECD, 2005). Some may argue that education does not affect the economic development of a country.There are lots of uneducated moreover successful business men. People can learn how to run a business without an education. To illustrate, Sak? p Sabanc? , who is the afford and chairman of the Sabanc? Holding due to the reason suffering from pneumonia three successive years, had to leave the high school and start to work in BOSSA Flour Factory in 1950 with a wage of 50 TL (NTV Haber). Considering his life, it is obvious that one can learn how to run a business without education.Hence, it is not only education but also experience that makes one successful in business. All in all, economic, social and technologic dev elopment of a country is highly related to the education level of that country. Without education, a country can not develop. The only way of individuals enlighten and learning to use knowledge, and increase of technology is education. Thus, education should be promoted since it is the most important factor for the development of a country. Oznur Sakar.

Free

Free Will Philosophy EssayI strongly believe that W.T. Stace is correct while arguing for the view of mushy determinism, also known as compatibilism. Stace believes in compatibilism, which states that determinism is true, that devoid will still does exist. He puts both views unitedly by studying the interpretation of free will. Stace asks, How can any one and only(a) be punished or rewarded for his or her actions if they have no control over their actions? That statement seemed extremely convincing to me because both dHolbach and Chisholm supported one side of the argument. dHolbach and Chisholm argued that we argon either strictly determined by the laws of nature and physics or that we ar not determined, earlier being we have the power to do as we choose. Stace on the other hand, put both positions together and made them work together. He explained that the laws of nature and physics do have an impact on our choices, but we do have the ability to choose what we want to choose when making a decision.Outside forces whitethorn push on our decision, but we are the ones responsible for choosing what we want to choose. He persuasively defends his view of soft determinism by explaining the definition of free will. He states, In order for one to define free will, one must look into how the phrase is commonly used. The trend a philosopher interprets free will is different than the way a common person will do so.Stace defines free acts as acts that are directly caused by a persons internal thoughts or desires coming directly from the person. Not free acts are those that have outside forces pushing a person to do something a certain way much(prenominal) as a threat or harm. This was very different from what other philosophers have stated in the past. By providing examples of free will, Stace points out that free will clearly does exist. It wouldnt make sense for free will not to exist since it is compatible with determinism.

Understanding Terrorism Essay Example for Free

rationality terrorist act EssayThe word terrorism is derived from the word terror which fashion to instill fear or cowardice in w despiseverone. It also pith to pull in ones horns for break acts that argon considered inhuman with an aim of punishing or devising life difficult and unbearable for the recipient of the terrorist acts. Terrorism is broad in its scope and it is for this crusade that there has not been a specific definition for it. Even though there is yet to be a universally agreed definition of terrorism, there seems to be a unanimous agreement on the key components of terrorism. Some of these components take coercion and violence.Many studies rich person been conducted to unearth what causes terrorism, the simulated military operation used by terrorists and targets for terrorist attacks. This discussion seeks to delve even further to find out what aspects drive terrorism (Lockyer. 2003). Objectives of Terrorist attacks There are a total of objective s with which terrorist attacks are committed. The chief(prenominal) aim as already mentioned is to instill fear in the target party. Acts of terrorism are meant to make one afraid so that they do not occur with a particular state of affairs that whitethorn not be favorable to the attackers.Terrorism thereof is used to ensure that there is widespread fear (Lockyer. 2003). Terrorist attacks are also meant to create attention particularly in the media so that the group responsible for the terrorist attacks can be recognized. Acts of terrorism are also carried out as a means of weakening embarrassing and harassing the government through its security agencies by making it appear powerless and repressive. As a result, the government ends up overreacting and is thus subjected to open ridicule (Gus. 2009).Thornton, in his book, Terror as Weapon of Political Agitation, argues that one of the main objectives for terrorist attacks is to build morale in spite of appearance the terrorist group. Whenever they carry out the deadly attacks, the terrorists feel that their impact in the society is felt and this makes them feel significant within their organization. Terrorism groups also engage in their dubious activities as a way of provoking some form of response or feedback especially from the government. It is thus sometimes used as a way of making known the grievances of a particular group to the government (Bernard. 2007). TacticsTerrorist groups have a number of tactics they use in carrying out their activities. Their tactics are such that they are not good suspected by the law enforcement agencies. Terrorism mainly comes as a result of unresolved fighting especially between the terrorist group and the government in power. The terrorist group therefore attempts by all means to frustrate any efforts by the government. This they do in a number of ways. Some of these tactics include religion fanaticism where people are sort of brainwashed to join authoritative rel igious groups which escape to control the manner in which people think and make their decisions.They therefore brainwash people into mentation that the government in power do not have their best interests at heart and this learns to ascent against the government by the people (Lockyer. 2003). At times, terrorist groups can declare open opposition to the government of the day, as a tactic of carrying out their motives. For example, the very recent attack on the capital city of Uganda, Kampala, is tell to be linked to Al Shabab who are opposed to the provision of peace keeping troops in Somalia. Other tactics include depriving the population of their basic economic needs so as to lead to a public outcry.At times, the terrorist groups can impose that there should be only a certain form of government as opposed to the form of government that currently governs a certain country. For example, in Somalia, the Al Shabaab group has been very opposed to the government of Somali and they have made several attempts to take over the government (Gus. 2009). Targets There are various targets that a terrorist group may have depending on their motives. It also depends on the ideologies and beliefs held by the group.For example, a terrorist group that is opposed to a certain religion leave behind always target areas that are frequently visited by that group. If it is a multinational company that is at the union of controversy, then top officials may be targeted by the terrorist groups (Bernard. 2007). New Terrorism This term was coined after the family line 11 2001 attacks which resulted to death of at least 3,000 people. Although there is not much that has changed in equipment casualty of tactics and objectives with the coming of rising terrorism, it is believed that this new concept is more destructive than the former.This is because, while old terrorism aimed at creating attention and making known to the society that the group exists with as little damage as possib le, new terrorism aims at creating destruction that is devastating and they entrust go to any measure to achieve their motives. This means that they objectives of terrorism have changed with coming in of new terrorism (Gus. 2009). Something else to note is that new terrorism is quite organized unlike old terrorism. New terrorism has a hierarchy of command and there are various ranks which move horizontally rather than vertically.New terrorism is also bended on religion more while old terrorism was bended on political ideologies. With several recent attacks be linked to the Al Qaeda group, these distinctions seem quite true. However, looking at the two concepts from a lively point of view, we note that indeed there is not much difference especially in terms of tactics and target. The new terrorism may seem to have changed the manner in which the dubious activities are carried out, but the underlying principles still remain the same (James. 2010). Role of the Media in Terrorism Th e media is a mighty tool of communication especially to the public.This is so because it is able to reach multitudes of people which other forms of communication may not be able to. For this reason, the media has for along time been used by terrorists to advance their propaganda and other terrorism activities. A good example is that of Osama Bin Laden who has always used the media to communicate the threat and hate messages by the Al Qaeda group (Gus. 2009). Due to the number of people the media is able to reach at any given time, the role played by the media all in stopping or encouraging terrorism is quite tremendous.The wording used by the media for instance, when they are writinging on terrorism matters greatly. The lyric they choose will depend on how the audience of the news will react. A couple of studies have been carried out to establish the relationship that exists between the media and acts of terrorism. On more than one instance, the relationship between the media and terrorism has been described as a symbiotic one. This means that they depend on each other either wholly or partly and that none of the two is considered complete without the indulgence of the other.The symbiotic relationship exists in this manner that terrorist groups usually use the media to pass their message across to the target groups. On the other hand, when the media receives schooling from the terrorist groups it is treated as exciting as it will catch the attention of the public hence the media becomes normal (Bernard. 2007). Janny de Graff, in his book Violence as Communication, asserts that more often than not journalists tend to adopt the language of their sources.This means that whenever a journalist interviews a terrorist, there is a high possibility that the journalist will unknowingly pick the language of the terrorist. If then the journalist will use the same language to report to the public, there are high chances that such a report will result into a public uproar (James. 2010). Terrorism has major impacts on any given country. It is therefore important that governments of all countries hold jealously against terrorism to ensure that all their citizens are protected. Terrorism has seen great countries especially in the optic East tumble down.It is not possible to overemphasize the importance of guarding any country against terrorism. It is one of the main ways of ensuring that a country does not fall apart References Adam, Lockyer. (2003). The relationship between media and terrorism, New York Routlegde. Martin, G. (2009). savvy Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, New York SAGE. Phillips, B. (2007). Understanding terrorism building on the sociological imagination, New York Paradigm Publishers. Poland, J. (2010). Understanding Terrorism Groups, Strategies, and Responses. Washington Prentice Hall.

Describe some of the highs and lows of the week Essay Example for Free

delimit some of the highs and lows of the week Es offerDescribe some of the highs and lows of the week. Aim to bring to life each situation by describing the atmosphere, the sheath and your reactions. Avoid indite a simple chronological account. I finally had the chance to see what life is like surface of school, and what life will be like in the future. Sothebys Billingshurst and to Sothebys Olympia in London was where I went for my nonpareil week utilization experience. It was a truly enjoyable experience and an excellent opportunity to see how the stemma operates, and withal an opportunity for me to learn. The best component part of the week was taking part in a pull round auction.The least exciting task was helping the gallery staff, as this only involved patrolling the gallery. The auction was the bring out of the week. It was a two day sale selling or soly garden statuary, but there were also some very interesting Jurassic fossils. The fossils I became most fas cinated with were six fossilised dinosaur eggs, which managed to pip 2,400. I expected them to sell for more. During the auction I did the currency conversion. This is where I had to listen to the auctioneer say every price for each pass around, for example.I would bring on to type these numbers into the computer and then they would be converted. The prices for each currency and the image of the lot selling would be shown to the buyers on a huge germ plasm screen. I also got the chance to step up onto the rostrum several times. This was an excellent opportunity for me. I was the sales clerk, so I had to record the money obtained for each lot, and bid information. I really enjoyed universe part of the auction. The sale became especially exciting when two buyers were bidding against each other for a lot worth.Overall the total money from the auction was over a million pounds. Another experience I liked was going to Sothebys Olympia in London. The reason for this is fewer sales ta ke place at Billingshurst, so there is more happening in Olympia. The day began when I joined other commuters at the train station on the 6. 45am train to Kensington Olympia. I quickly realised that this must be the most tedious and time consuming part of the working day. I thought how soul destroying this would be to have to repeat this journey every day of a working lifetime.When I got off the train everyone seemed to be rushing to where they were going. The pace of life had changed and I was aware that I was in the fast moving means of a huge capital city. When I arrived at Olympia it surprised me to see the size of the construct where this international company was based in stark contrast to the Victorian manor house in the Sussex countryside where I had my first taste of the auction business. The offices were modern and open plan. I was introduced to some of the staff, and met Lord Dalmeny, chair of Sothebys Olympia, and one of the countrys richest men.He referred to me as b oy, which I thought sounded a little old fashioned. The work I did was firstly filing, which was rather boring, but a job that had to be done. Then I had lunch in the restaurant, which was far superior to Bishop Luffas canteen. After lunch I helped the gallery staff label all thee lots, ranging from an 18th century sundial to an unusual Perspex spherical ceiling light from the swinging sixties. The day went in a fritter and I soon joined my fellow commuters homeward bound. One of the disadvantages of being in the world of work as opposed to school is the long hours.Although I started later I finished later too, and I was working eight or nine hours, instead of six hours with far fewer breaks in between. I also had to do several jobs at once, unlike school where I would be doing one. I found it more tiring than school, and would have to go to bed earlier than I normally would. There were a lot of mundane jobs that had to be done that were not very interesting, but a necessary part of the smooth running of the day to day business. There were also unexpected interruptions that stopped me in the heart of some jobs.The most thrilling part of the week was undoubtedly the live auction, with a room affluent of people listening to the auctioneer who had complete command of the auction. It was staggering to think that people could even break the items on offer, and it made me aware of the different life styles people experience, for example it was an every day event for clients to drop in by helicopter. The hardest part was the long hours, as I am not employ to them. My work experience was very rewarding and enlightening, and I was disappointed to see the week over.

Employment Communication Essay Example for Free

Employment Communication EssayEmployment parley is the conference between employees in an organization which is said to be the more or less essential aspect that should be draw into consideration for a better coordination among the taskforces within an organization, this means that the employees be arrogate in a position to communicate with their employers each in a formal manner or informal way to pass nurture. Through this the employees ar enabled to express their grievances, health matters, working environment and legal matters through communication to their employers. A lusty and collateral work environment is found to be the most crucial factor in creating robust utilisation relationships. Discussion Individuals with strong employment relationships tend to piddle helpful and friendly co-workers, interesting work, assess their workplace as twain healthy and safe, are supported in balancing work with their personal life, and have reasonable work demands. High levels of employee trust and commitment are linked to perceptions that their employer cares about them.If the employees are not satisfied with these aspects then they can c all in all for a meeting with the managerial personnel and this is said to be a formal way of communicating with the authority. (Palmer and Akin, 2006) Communication is also utilisationd in the delivering of the resources needed to do the job well this can be d unmatchable through the provision of training, equipment and information thus indicating to employees the business firms commitment to employees needs who on that pointfore required to accomplish their tasks. Resources are also likely to constitute workloads to a greater extent manageable and enable workers to be more productive in their duties.Through training one can communicate to the employees on what is expected to be done to accomplish their tasks and the policies required to accomplish all tasks. (Dale, 2001) Employment relationships clearly ma tter for individuals and employers. The strong employment relationships coercively influence job satisfaction, skill use and development, workplace morale, and worker absenteeism. In general, strong employment relationships contri only whene to the quality of work life and the cognitive process of the organization to be of high esteem.On the other hand, perceived problems with pay and job security are more important influences on willingness to work effectively than it is for the strength of employment relationships (Palmer and Akin, 2006) Strong employment communication is associated with the more effective use of human resources and skills. The employees who have strong employment communication have more opportunities in their job to develop and use their skills and abilities in a free environment that they have ways of expressing their thoughts and feelings.This supports the creation of human capital that is so important for both individual well being and healthy organizations finales. . (Yeung, 1997) In this case we find that this communication is usually affected by many factors such as the organizational change which is said to may affect the employees negatively bringing up informal way of expressing their disapproval. Downsizing and restructuring are associated with reduced levels of trust, commitment, communications and worker influence. The employees may down their tools in protest or may also resist change through strike.The changes should be effectively communicated before they are put in place so that the employees are not caught unaware of the changes being effected. Employers or the authority should scoop out charge to convince the employers on the benefits the changes will put in place from the existing organization structure, policies and procedures. (Yeung, 1997) closedown There are several ways to brood this communication problems being experienced between the employers and employees, but first we have to create an employment relation ship that addresses this issues.Employment relationships must be created so that communication is enhanced. The strength of employment relationships matters for individuals. This puts trust, commitment, communication and influence on their list of job selection criteria hence there is not much that individual workers can do short of changing employers or becoming egotism employed to improve their work environment. Those employees in weak employment relationships desire better communication fairness, respect, recognition, and a more supportive work environment.They also need more opportunities for meaningful input and participation. These are the issues they fate employers to address first. The employers have no doubt that creating a supportive and healthy work environment nurtures positive employment relationships. This entails looking into the physical, social and psychological aspects of the workplace everything from workloads to respect and the resources needed to do an effecti ve job. The most important issue is how the work is unionized.Trust is associated with restructuring and downsizing also low levels of commitment. Most workplaces are organized to give more scope for participation so as to have stronger employment relationships. The content of the job is also an important issue especially providing skilled and interesting tasks so that the goals of the organization can be effectively communicated. Policies and measures should be put in place to address this communication issues so that the employees grievances or conditions can be addresses at ease.With policies the employees issues will certainly reach to their employers who will know how to address them than going to extreme reactions like calling for strikes or the workers having to lay down tools. The strict consequences or measures put in place will also prevent them from resolving the issues in a violent way but do it in a formal way. For example employees may face a biff from work if he goes contrary to this ways of addressing the issues.A relational perspective on work points toward the goal of creating cohesive, prosperous, and personally supportive workplaces and communities through effective communication means. We can therefore conclude that defining characteristics of a good job, the qualities of trust, commitment, communication and influence is important means for employment relationship between the employer and his employee. Thus both formal and informal ways should be set up to ease communication and flow of information in employment is an organization or business.

Internal Assessment Front Sheet Essay Example for Free

Internal Assessment Front Sheet Essay

American Constitution and Freedom of Speech

American disposition and handsomedom of SpeechTHESIS Throughout the years, the legislatures assurance of the honest to emit needyly has been giving Americans voices and the franchise to be heard without dread of discipline, be that as it may, the right to speak palliately simply desire anything can be mishandled and used to damage individuals, not simply in federalism but rather through and through common freedoms and social equality too.I. IntroductionThe First Amendments of the U.S. Constitution awards us the privilege to free deal and expresses that Congress should make no law abridging the freedom of wrangle, or of the press. The aim behind the Constitution was to stick out people the privilege to completely communicate without laws ruining them the Framers of the Constitution made laws that have progressed since 1797. The right to speak freely has favored this country that awards us a voice to vote on laws affected by the American government.II. Main Point 1 Identify implications for federalism related to the topic1. One overbearing issue of federalism on free discourse is that the Constitutions assurance of the right to speak freely applies similarly to laws received by the federal, tell, and local governments. In treating every division in an unexpected way, Justice Harlan contended that state speech limitations be given more breathing space than federal ones.2. One negative adjoin of federalism on free speech is that we cannot always trust the government when it comes to dealing with our individual rights. Those in charge will a great deal take advantage, often putting that federal laws above the local and state laws in the hopes that federals will farsighted outlive the state and local laws.3. One erudite source that supports the topic sentenceIn an condition written by Adam Winkler about a study that was done, the study finds that speech-restrictive laws adopted by the federal government are far more likely to be upheld than simila r laws adopted by state and local governments. Courts applying strict scrutiny in free speech cases upheld federal speech laws in 56% of cases, state speech laws in 24% of cases, and local speech laws in a remarkably mild 3% of cases.III. Main Point 2 Identify implications for civil rights to the related topic1. One positive impact on the civil rights that was brought about by free speech was the civil rights movement of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate which started in 1954 and carried on hale into 1968. This was could be considered a social movement as well since it not notwithstanding created new civil rights laws but also equality laws.2. One negative impact of civil rights movement brought about the rise of hate groups that were determined to stop those in the black society who now had found a platform to voice all the injustices that were placed on them by those in power, the whites.3. One scholarly source that supports the topic sentenceThe Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the most prominent hate-based organization in American history. Founded in the aftermath of the Civil War as a whimsical social club, the Klan quickly change into a terrorist organization aimed at subjugating newly freed blacks and driving out moderate whites that attempted to improve the employ of Freedmen in the Reconstruction South. (Freyer Levitt, 2011)IV. Main Point 3 Identify implications for civil liberties related to free speechOne positive impact on the civil liberties associated with free speech is that it brought about the Amendments which gave us the right to free speech, to vote, to marry whomever we chose, and unreasonable searches of your home and the right to a speedy trial to name a fewOne negative impact on the civil liberties associated with free is the fact that speech isnt very free. Many were arrested for simply speaking about things such as the war or abortion.One scholarly source that supports this topic sentenceIn this Article, Professor Curtis explores the First Amendments guarantee of free speech and the quarrel that other constitutional values must supersede this guarantee during a time of war (Curtis, 1998)V. decisivenessOur Constitutional rights are essential to everyone. The battles Americans underwent from the framers coming together and writing the Constitution, permitting individuals to have a voice as long as no harm was done, to the Civil rights movement where the black community fought for equality, not only for themselves but also for other minorities all while dealing with white hate groups and to the 20th century where in the after the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist acts, the Patriot Act was signed into law by then President George Bush. This act violated both the First and Fourth Amendments. Free speech and free from seizures and unwarranted searches. An individuals free speech must not be infringed upon to satisfy anothers curiosity because it is unconstitutional.ReferencesAdam Winkler, Free Speech Federalism, 1 08 Mich. L. Rev. 153 (2009). Available athttp//repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol108/iss2/1Fryer R, Levitt S. Hatred and Profits Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan. every quarter Journal ofEconomics. 2012127 (4) 1883-1925.Michael Kent Curtis, Lincoln, Vallandingham, and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War. Retrieved from scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1428context=wmborj

Effectiveness of Direct Mail on Cigarette Vending Industry

force of pick by Mail on Cig atomic number 18tte Vending manu eventureThe Effectiveness of Direct Mail on the Cigarette Vending diligence in the unify estateIr conf occasiond(prenominal) of the mode and methods adopted for merchandise, including organise dismount, the tush vend manufacture continues to prosper not however in the joined nation, but in like manner crosswise the cosmea. At the uni name time in that location is a nonstop draw near in the spread of a itemise of diseases askly link up with weed including continuing respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and various(a) types of cancers in shimmer leading to change magnitude death browses amongst the extradite universes.virtuoso of the major ca practices of premature deaths in developing countries, the figures for United soil simply read that virtu ide exclusivelyy t seniley 120,000 individual(a)s die every year from diseases acquitly think to sess, which is an alarming 20 f amiliarise of whole(a) deaths in a given year. A kindred study on sess excessively revealed that cancer al whiz(a) narratives for nearly a third of all deaths from ingest, and an bran-new(prenominal) atomic number 53 angiotensin-converting enzyme-sixth die from former(a) causes related to oblige.Figures for the new-fashioneder generation entering the fastball populations of the United dry land faceed that in that respect was a gradual rise betwixt the years 1988 and 1997,and a roughlywhat similar rise in the figures amongst adult fastball populations. market de musical compositionments of prat manufacturing companies around the world would least care that an individual consume seat on a usageue basis to a greater extent than than doubles the risk of dying earlier he or she reaches the time of 65.If in that respect is both consolation for these companies adopting various lucrative commit spot strategies for hawk and trade coffin nails, fastball by pregnant women train been found to result in ascetical repercussions for the foetus as firm as new born baby. These entangle an increased risk of miscarriage, trim back birth weight and emf for prenatal deaths. In similar context, parents who continue to boob afterwards gestation invite increased chances of sharp death syndrome in their infants. The following dissertation will however gear up its discussions and studies, and bounty its findings on the metier of forecast get forth in the goat hawking diligence of the United Kingdom. (DOH, 1998)IntroductionOne of the approximately widely genuine facts and one(a) that has been be beyond any uncertainty is that smoking poses a consider of health risks. In addition smokers are much than probably to guarantee certain diseases in analogy to those who do not smoke at all. It is in addition a fact that smoking is more often than not accepted as an addictive habit, and with the passage of time, and advance s in the study of and implications of smoking low-pitched openly reveal that at slay it is not merely an addictive habit on the contrary it is a collection of human behaviours which in any case includes smoking.It must similarly be borne in mind that since it is an addiction, and for almost and then a very strong habit, it is wrong to assume that this habit cannot be given up. In fact, on that tiptop contract been legion(predicate) cases where individuals have chalk uply given up smoking. It is precisely this line of approach that has make major faggot manufacturers to cross health warning instructions on all their several(prenominal) packs of asss. Furthermore, mass of the stub manufacturing companies around the world, including those of the United Kingdom comply with requisite regulations and legislations with respect of trade, advertisement and sales of nances. at that place are as healthful as companies, which have their own pack labelling policies, whic h go beyond the requisite legislation of the respective host country. It is perhaps this lapse, if one may wish to call it, which has allowed majority of tooshie manufacturing companies to guise their selling, promotion, advert and selling policies into a school of thought which acknowledges the right of the adult populations to smoke, and consequently respect and protect that carry outicular right. (Pierce et al,1998 Beemer and Siegel, 2000 Safer and Chaloupka, 1999 Anderson etal, 2002 Slade, 2001 Lewis and Littler, 1999)In pursuance of the rights of the smokers, stub manufacturing companies excessively stand a authorizest any excessive terms regulations and tax measures which are presumably aimed at reducing learn for bunss. An independent view of a number of tax and price measures levied by various countries including the United Kingdom reveal that the smoking populations are unduly punished for the pleasure of smoking, and governments largely fail to take into accoun t the extensive sums generated from revenues on the various taxes levied on cigarets. These exalted rates of taxes levied on queens then results in the wicked and often extramarital trade of smuggling cigarettes in turn undermining the veritable market for cigarette companies discharge and operating under legal channels of business.A brief on the United Kingdoms cigarette attending reveals that 1 in every 5 cigarettes is smuggled into the country, which adds to a huge20 be of the entire cigarette constancy of United Kingdom.In similar context is the call for a ban on the sale of debt instrument dislodge cigarettes, as the primary objective behind the promotion of debt instrument abandon sale of cigarettes, or for that matter any other product is lessening in illicit trade of that particular item. A ban on the tariff unacquainted(p) sale of cigarettes would a lot gage the regulated duty free retail of that product, and at the same time have a minimum effect on the sale of cigarettes. On the contrary a ban on the duty free sale of cigarettes would simply express ab expose a shift in the market of cigarettes from a duty free environment to one that is largely suppressled by domestic market.Another related aspect of the cigarette trade industriousness is that of various standards and policies which are aimed at raising sentiency roughly the potential health risks associated with smoking. Trade zones such as those found in European Union for ex respectable are ample grounds for such standards and policies to be levied, which in turn allow for uni realize results as surface as derive common interests amongst the respective countries.The non-smoking segment of the populations is yet some other vital area of focus for cigarette manufacturing companies. As too a prevalent health issue, the non-smokers are prone to, and thusly demand preventative measures from passive smoking. In this respect, there exist twain schools of thought on e that disregards any findings and conclusions, which present cigarette smoke as a potential health hazard for non-smokers.This group though acknowledges that cigarette smoke is indeed a semen of annoyance as well as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Yet, they to a fault call for an approach establish on simple logic and common sense and co-operation. While the piece school of thought, such as M/Gallaher, one of the major cigarette manufacturing and market companies in the UK, demand that government initiatives including the Air grapheme program are viable and productive programs to address vital national smoking issues. publications Reviews in that location have a number of writings and case studies, which prove the effectualness of look billet service on the cigarette vending assiduity,. These writings and studies have convincingly proven that take transmit has had positive pertain and its square offs have straightway contributed to the rise in cigarett e sales, in turn promoting the cigarette vending industry in general. Thus, it would not be wrong to state, as in any case proven from the following case studies, that the unionise ring armor strategy in the cigarette vending industry has proven to affect smoking psychiatric hospital as well as utilisation.A brief historical spatial relation likewise reveals that cigarette manufacturing companies the world over have significantly changed their focus from the traditional advertising charge use of techniques which empha coat on developing as well as maintaining a relationship with individual customers. Direct send out finished and through and through propose chat thus offers cigarette-vending industry source of generating sales including obtaining mensurable response in related areas of marketing. (Pierce et al, 1998 Beemer and Siegel,2000 Safer and Chaloupka, 1999 Anderson et al, 2002 Slade, 2001Lewis and Littler, 1999)One of the most effective techniques, and perhaps one of the oldest as well, is that of utilizing posting list of individuals kept up(p) by major and minor cigarette vending companies alike. It is this list of individuals or customers, which treats as the potential for go hop out for cigarette vending industry. This list is withal used for the distribution of verifiers, sweepstakes offers, and instigator-loyalty syllabus catalogues. Also included in the items distributed through direct mail are event announcements sponsored by the cigarette vending industry, and magazines produce by major baccy manufacturing companies. Practically all these items which are sent to individuals victimization the direct mail body contain activities and feature images which serve a two-fold purpose.First, these promotional items are intentional in such a manner to make emotional appeals to customers. Second, they serve to strengthen, rather reinforce the existent images of the various brands of cigarettes in the market. on that degree are un like modes of collecting such list of individuals, which includes events that are sponsored by the cigarette industry, sweepstake forms, signed coupons as well as brand-loyalty program orders. These listings more often than not include some form of a response mechanism, which invites recipients to fill out surveys for lesson, or mention their lifestyle preferences.A statistic covering the US cigarette industry with particular reference to the affair of direct mail reveals that there has been general upgrade cut off in the use of direct mail in the United States. apprise on the 6 largest US cigarette manufacturers showed that they collectively spend a staggering amount of US 133.9 million dollars on direct mail in 2001. This was an increase of 131.8 present from the figures of 1998. One may air that these huge figures do not include sums spent on coupons or peculiar(a)ty items distributed through the mail system. (USFTC, 2002)A survey carried out by a team of doctors at the Un iversity of Medicine and Dentistry of hot Jersey, in the United States issued for results which convincingly proved that direct mail in the cigarette vending industry not moreover deepen initiation, but effectively raised the chances for potential smokers. This survey comprised of some 3900adults, and to begin with focused on the function to 3 questions. (University of Medicine and Dentistry NJ, 2002 SUDAAN, 2001)Questionnaire for the Survey Did any of the participant accept direct mail from a tobacco companion deep down the last 6 months, including magazines, coupons, or catalogues. Did any of the participants use a coupon to buy cigarettes. Did any of the participants save any UPC codes, or tokens from any brand-loyalty programmes of a tobacco manufacturer.Results of the SurveyThe results of the preceding(prenominal) questionnaire from the selected adult participants showed that the actual range of smoking populations were4 to 5 generation more likely to have trus tworthy direct mail within the past 6months as compared to those who had never smoke before or were belonged to the reason smoking community.Second, the survey showed that smokers who had quit smoking in the last 12 months were 2 to 4 times more likely to receive direct mail as compared to those who had never smoked or those who belonged to the originator smoking community.The survey withal revealed that the white populations as compared to other groups of populations surpass the list of individuals receiving direct mail offers for cigarettes or related material in aid of marketing for a given brand of cigarette. The use of coupons was found to be the highest amongst the feminine smoking community, white adults as well as those falling within the age group of 25 and 64 years. Similarly, saving for programs such as brand-reward programs was also found to be highest amongst current population of smokers, white segment of the population as well as the those falling within the age bracket of 18 and 24 years.Discussion on the Findings and writings ReviewThe preceding(prenominal) findings significantly provided evidence that direct mail served to increase the consumption of cigarettes, and subsequently obstruct cessation. The said survey also found that coupons delivered through the direct mail to individuals were originally designed to bring intimately a reduction in prices of cigarettes, as well as simultaneously offset the repair of rise in taxes and other control measures levied by respective authorities.It was also found that programs offered through direct mail, such as brand-loyalty programs were intend to reward and advertize smokers through offer for additional purchases. The survey also revealed that direct mail marketing for cigarettes was originally designed to restrict switching of brands amongst customers. However, this strategy was only cover-up, and kind of such direct mail offers allowed and in fact assisted smokers to continue smoking. The preceding(prenominal) literature round and survey on the role of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry shows numerous legislations, public campaigns against smoking, proven addictive behaviours resulting in serious health repercussions and rising knowingness take aims against thrill effect of smoking all have somewhat forced cigarette manufacturing companies the world over to adopt direct mail strategies. These direct mail strategies not only provide smokers with appealing and inviting messages they move a footfall further and offer rewards for smoking. Direct mail also offers an excellent mode of communicating directly with customers, which is all too easily cloaked and more than hidden from the piercing scrutiny of the public health community. It is also an effective strategy against rising restrictions on the different and traditional modes of advertising. In this respect a direct mail marketing propose of the world renowned Philip Morris also notes that direct mail is indeed one of the influencing figures in the use and consumption of cigarettes. (Slade, 2001 Strategic Plan, 1995)The above literature review and survey also reveals though direct mail is only one of the many marketing techniques adopted by cigarette vending industry, it is undoubtedly one which is witnessing continuous growth pattern, and one that is likely to grow in the future as well. The use of direct mail strategy is all the more worthy of concern as the cigarette vending industry is witnessed to continually change its marketing strategies in response to rising set of legislations and public opinion. It also a proven fact that practically all those involved in cigarette vending industry pursue a marketing strategy with a singular objective one which aims to encourage initiation and consumption in smoking cigarettes.To curb such efforts, and to bring almost a control for restricting such marketing strategies including direct mail, there is an ever-demanding necessit y to richly comprehend marketing tactic utilized by cigarette vending industry. Included in these efforts is removal of the names of the individuals from the list maintained by cigarette vending industry by the smokers themselves as they decide to quit smoking. The exposure of apparent intent on the part of cigarette vending industry and possible effects of such direct mail strategies on with measures, which serve as potential triggers, such as the presence of ashtrays, should also be taken into account. (Fiore et al, 2000 King, 2001)2nd lit ReviewIn continuation with our dissertation on the effectiveness of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry, yet another inquiry carried out by Lynn McFadden of the University of Strathclyde and published in the British medical checkup Journal issue of March 2001 is presented here. This enquiry uncovers young good deals sensory faculty about marketing strategies adopted by cigarette vending industry and their link and association with their smoking behaviours.One of the most successful methods of direct mail marketing is one, which is carried out at the point of sale. It is the venue of point of sale where a number of cigarette vending industrialists tend to focus, as also evident in the look for findings of the University of Strathclyde. The query comprised of some 629 young people, aged between the ages of 15 and 16, and all of who had opted to be a part of the research through a postal consent procedure.The focus of the research, as also verbalize in the preceding lines excess examination of young peoples awareness of and appointment with cigarette marketing. The research also sought to determine the level of association, if any, amongst the group of young people between the level of awareness and the their smoking behaviours.The overall findings of the above research comprising of young people revealed an extra-ordinary high level of awareness and equally high levels of involvement of young people i n the marketing strategies of cigarette vending industry. Out of the 629 participants involved in the research, some 95 present of them were more than aware of the various advertising techniques utilized by the cigarette vending industry, as also aware of the various methods utilized in the point of sale marketing. Thus, both the aspects, those of awareness and involvement with cigarette vending industry were strongly found to be related with be a smoker. This was more than proven from the statistics derived in the said research.For example out of the group of some 185 participants, 55 or a huge 30 present of the research participants admitted that they had veritable free gifts through coupons accustomed with the cigarette packs. A analogy with non-smoking community showed that only 11 present or 21 out of 199 participants had received fee gifts through coupons in the cigarette packs. Furthermore, it was also revealed in the same set of researches that parenthesis from the awar eness element about coupon schemes, participates were also equally aware about brand stretch and tobacco marketing, all of which were connect in some way or the other with their smoking habits. (DOH, 1992Atiken et al, 1987 direct with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al,1996 Aitken et al, 1991)The above research thus concluded the young populations aged 15 and16 were not only to the full aware on the various aspects of cigarette marketing including direct mail and marketing at the point of sales they were also more than associated with the different cigarette vending industries in the marketing of cigarettes and both the awareness and involvement in the marketing were tie in with their smoking positioning and habits. These findings also called for a more besotted set of statutory legislations, as compared to the otherwise voluntary regulations which are primarily designed to protect these puerilers, and which have become somewhat ineffective. new(prenominal) findings fro m the above carried out researches revealed and established the fact that the role of the mass media in advertising encouraged smoking amongst the younger populations. From a purely economics perspective, the same findings showed that expenditure on advertising pointed towards an increase in the prevalence, while a drop in the expenditures on advertising resulted in the subsequent drop in the prevalence of cigarette consumption, thereby proving a direct relationship between advertising and consumption of cigarettes.These studies management on the younger population showed that youngrs smoking cigarettes are more likely to appreciate as also be aware of the tobacco and cigarette advertising related sponsorships, selling and vending. In line with such studies, other cohort studies on the same segment of teenaged smoking populations resulted in similar results and furthermore predicted a tendency of future smoking behaviours amongst the researched populations. (DOH, 1992 Aitken e t al,1987 Led with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al, 1996 Aitken al, 1991)A similar experiment involving some 2400 teenagers all aged a 15years, yet only differentiated by energize and postal addresses were taken for a research project from an area in the North of England. These teenagers were invited to participate in the research programme after receivable consent from their parents/guardians with the primary objective of deriving some 280 smokers from the total lot of participants. With response rate of more than 48 present, some 1062 responded to the call for invitation and studies carried out from the set of questionnaires mail to each participant along with the consent form.The results obtained from the 1062 participant teenagers (all aged15 years) showed that one in every 5 teenager was involved in smoking,214 teenagers or 20 present of the respondents were regular smokers,825 or a huge 78 present not regular smokers, while 23 respondents or 2percent of the total re spondents declined to divulge their smoking status.In continuation with the studies on the teenage smoking population, a random number of 373 respondents were gradually removed from the research list, as they were not regular smokers. The removal of these selected respondents further narrowed the research to those who were in the habit of, or were involved in smoking cigarettes. The number of respondents was now brought down from 1062, as also stated in the opening lines of these paragraphs, to 686 candidates only.These 686 teenage candidates were then interviewed through a team of professional interviewers, who were in turn instructed to make at least4 clear attempts to gain positive research results. The interviewers were not given any earlier instruction as the status of smoking habits of the interviewed candidates so as to derive a transparent set of findings. here too, the permission of the parents/guardians was sought prior to the interview, as well as a 5-Pound gift vouche r was also handed to each candidate.In carrying out the above research 629 out of the total 686respondents were successfully interviewed. Those who were leftover out did so due to the passage of time, as by the time the research was concluded, the respondents had entered their 16th year, whereas the entire team of research candidates belonged to the 15 year old age bracket only. Each of the candidates was given two sets of questionnaires one included a face to face interview with the teenage candidate, while the candidate in the presence of their guardians/parents filled out the second questionnaire.One may note that there was no influence of the parents presence on the part of the respondent teenagers. Each of the questionnaires resulted in the awareness, as well as the involvement of the candidates with the different techniques used in the marketing by the cigarette vending industry including direct mail marketing. The findings of the research revealed the smoking habits/status o f the teenage candidates, their future intentions for smoking, education levels, and smoking by their peers, siblings, and whether their parents smoked or not. (DOH, 1992Atiken et al, 1987 Led with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al,1996 Aitken et al, 1991)A elaborated analysis of the awareness element of the teenage group interviewed showed that in relation to the non-smoking teenage population, those who smoked cigarettes were more than aware of practically all forms of marketing techniques including direct mail marketing. discipline from the respondents showed that teenagers involved in smoking were also fully aware of the different types, but also knew about advertisements in magazines, newspapers, special price schemes, and offers for cigarettes. In addition, majority of the smoking teenage population had witnessed advertising on billboards, where more than fifty present of those interviewed had read about some form of cigarette marketing in the press. Also included wer e advertisements and marketing at point of sales, coupon schemes, and special price offers for cigarettes.Other findings from the research of the 15 year old teenagers revealed that 20 present of the said teenage population had witnessed some form of brand stretching, which included costume or other items with logos of famous brands of cigarettes, new pack designs, the different and attractive nature and size of the cigarettes, free gifts offered through cigarettes, competitions, and watching famous personalities smoking in films and on television. though at a lower level, there was awareness on the various promotional mails from cigarette vending industry, distribution of free cigarettes, and to some extent from the network, or the Internet.Thus, it was observed that young smokers were more than fully aware of practically all forms of cigarette marketing techniques including direct mail, in comparison to non-smokers or those who had well- essay to join the smoking populations. T he awareness on the marketing aspect on the part of the teenage populations was more noticeable where free gifts, special price offers, promotional mail, and newer forms of cigarette packs and designs.Marketing of Cigarettes and Role of TeenagersAs also stated in the above researched teenage smoking group, there was significant evidence to suggest the involvement and role of teenagers in the marketing of cigarettes including both direct mail and coupon schemes. It was also revealed there was olive-sized difference amongst male and female teenagers both of who participated somewhat equally in the marketing of cigarettes.A statistical extend-up of the smoking teenager population and the non-smoking teenagers showed that more than fifty present of the smoking populations amongst the teenagers had willingly participated in one or other form of marketing for cigarette companies. In comparison, some 25 present of non-smokers and those who had tried smoking had also participated in some form of marketing for cigarettes.The above research on the teenage smoking population also showed that some 33 present of those interviewed had received free gifts through coupons schemes another 25 present were in receipt of the special price offers for cigarettes, and a smaller 10 present of the teenage population had received free gifts through direct mail schemes at events organized by the cigarette vending company or received the same through promotional mail schemes.The above findings thus conclusively show that there is a more than strong relationship between awareness of each cigarette marketing technique and current smoking status while variable linked with teenage smoking are held constant. In particular, the awareness of coupon schemes and brand stretching are one way or the other linked to the enhanced probability of the individual being a current smoker, as also with having friends who smoke, siblings, or either parent being smoker.In this study, having friends as smoke rs was found to be a great influencing factor with the individual being a current smoker. The number of marketing techniques also varied and left a positive mark on the current smoking status and habit of the teenagers interviewed. Hereto, the presence of a neighboring friend, either parent, or siblings was directly associated with an enhanced probability factor for a current smoker.A break up of the different marketing techniques to which the teenage populations are exposed show that package design or price promotion account for a larger exposure, as compared for example brand stretching and browse advertising, the latter of which had little or no effect on the teenage segment of the smoking population. In spite of the above findings, a common factor to emerge was that the young populations was observed to receive some form of benefit, reward, or reassurance from either of the cigarette vending industries hence a reinforcement of smoking habits, or promotion of smoking amongst th e teenage populations.These research more than confirms the need for a stronger set of legislation and laws. The research also calls for an equally tighter set of controls on the marketing techniques adopted by the cigarette vending industries across the United Kingdom. It also proves that the current voluntary form of regulations primarily designed to protect would be smokers, new smokers, and in particular teenage and younger populations are failing, and there is a greater and crucial need for revision of the same. The British Tobacco Advertising and advance Bill should be so designed to comprehensively ban some of the most famous forms of marketing such as coupon and brand stretching the ban should move a step further and outlaw practically all forms and modes of marketing by the cigarette vending industry.Laws, Regulations and Loopholes Exploited by the Cigarette Vending pains by Marketing/Promotion of CigarettesThis section of the dissertation will address some of the applica ble laws and regulations this instant levied in the United Kingdom as well as through the directionals of the European Union for all member states respectively. It will also take into account the various loopholes and exploiting measures employed by the cigarette vending industry, as they bypass or practically ignore effective regulations to promote the sale of cigarettes, including various forms of direct mail, as also the overt of our above dissertation.One of the first sets of regulations is the European Union Directive98/43/EC, which was duly accepted as a law as of 30th July 1998. Theseus Directive specifically called for minimal tobacco advertising inside the shops. Though the guiding contains a summary and overview of the measures and timetable for the implementation of the guiding, the salient feature of this directive calls for member government of the European Union including United Kingdom to ban all forms of commercial communication as well as sponsorships, both of wh ich primarily aim actor influence the promotion of tobacco products.An overview of the above said directive shows that though this covers vast area of advertising, and is largely utilized by the cigarette/tobacco vending industry to promote their respective products the objective of the directive is to bring a draw a blank to the transfer or rebirth of promotion techniques used in the marketing of cigarettes. However, the same directive is all too easily exploit through loopholes and exemptions such as those enjoyed by the sellers of tobacco only, marketing at limited point of sales, merchandise publications, and use of vague language.Brand StretchingOne of the areas which perhaps provide as one of the largest loopholes for the cigarette vending industry in their endeavours to market their brand of cigarettes is that of brand stretching. As also discussed in percentage point in the above present literature reviews and researches, brand stretching is the use of non-tobacco produ cts and services to advertise tobacco and various cigarette brands. These include for example clothes with logos of famous cigarette brands, shoes, and other items, which though are one of the means for marketing yet in creation they serve to attract the attention of current as well as would be smoker populations alike.This directive is one step bunco of a total ban on all forms of advertising including such direct mail advertising as utilized by Marlboro Classics, yet it allows governments to exempt advertising where the brand is visibly different from the brand of the cigarette and where advertising is done in good faith without elucidate the actual meaning of the language good faith. Thus, we have a loophole duly utilized by the cigarette vending industry in the form of relaxation on such advertising, and use of such phrases as good faith.3rd Literature Review An Insight into Advertising As One of the Strongest Forms of Direct mail Marketing Strategy apply by the Cigarette Vending IndustryStudies carried out by British Governments health SEffectiveness of Direct Mail on Cigarette Vending IndustryEffectiveness of Direct Mail on Cigarette Vending IndustryThe Effectiveness of Direct Mail on the Cigarette Vending Industry in the United KingdomIrrespective of the mode and methods adopted for marketing, including direct mail, the cigarette vending industry continues to prosper not only in the United Kingdom, but also across the world. At the same time there is a continuous rise in the spread of a number of diseases directly related with smoking including chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancers in turn leading to increased death rates amongst the smoking populations.One of the major causes of premature deaths in developing countries, the figures for United Kingdom alone show that approximately 120,000 individuals die every year from diseases directly related to smoking, which is an alarming 20 present of all deaths in a given year. A similar study on smoking also revealed that cancer alone accounts for nearly a third of all deaths from smoking, and another one sixth die from other causes related to smoking.Figures for the younger generation entering the smoking populations of the United Kingdom showed that there was a gradual rise between the years 1988 and 1997,and a somewhat similar rise in the figures amongst adult smoking populations. Marketing departments of cigarette manufacturing companies around the world would least care that an individual smoking cigarette on a regular basis more than doubles the risk of dying before he or she reaches the age of 65.If there is any consolation for these companies adopting various lucrative direct mail strategies for vending and marketing cigarettes, smoking by pregnant women have been found to result in severe repercussions for the foetus as well as new born baby. These include an increased risk of miscarriage, reduced birth weight and potential for prenatal deaths. In similar context, parents who continue to smoke after pregnancy invite increased chances of sudden death syndrome in their infants. The following dissertation will however limit its discussions and studies, and present its findings on the effectiveness of direct mail in the cigarette vending industry of the United Kingdom. (DOH, 1998)IntroductionOne of the most widely accepted facts and one that has been proven beyond any doubt is that smoking poses a number of health risks. In addition smokers are more than likely to contract certain diseases in comparison to those who do not smoke at all. It is also a fact that smoking is largely accepted as an addictive habit, and with the passage of time, and advances in the study of and implications of smoking alto openly reveal that today it is not merely an addictive habit on the contrary it is a collection of human behaviours which also includes smoking.It must also be borne in mind that since it is an addiction, and for s ome indeed a very strong habit, it is wrong to assume that this habit cannot be given up. In fact, there have been numerous cases where individuals have totally given up smoking. It is precisely this line of approach that has made major cigarette manufacturers to print health warning instructions on all their respective packs of cigarettes. Furthermore, majority of the cigarette manufacturing companies around the world, including those of the United Kingdom comply with requisite regulations and legislations with respect of marketing, advertisement and sales of cigarettes.There are also companies, which have their own pack labelling policies, which go beyond the requisite legislation of the respective host country. It is perhaps this lapse, if one may wish to call it, which has allowed majority of cigarette manufacturing companies to guise their marketing, promotion, advertising and selling policies into a philosophy which acknowledges the right of the adult populations to smoke, and consequently respect and protect that particular right. (Pierce et al,1998 Beemer and Siegel, 2000 Safer and Chaloupka, 1999 Anderson etal, 2002 Slade, 2001 Lewis and Littler, 1999)In pursuance of the rights of the smokers, cigarette manufacturing companies also stand against any excessive price regulations and tax measures which are presumably aimed at reducing demand for cigarettes. An independent view of a number of tax and price measures levied by various countries including the United Kingdom reveal that the smoking populations are unduly punished for the pleasure of smoking, and governments largely fail to take into account the huge sums generated from revenues on the various taxes levied on cigarettes. These high rates of taxes levied on cigarettes then results in the illegal and often illicit trade of smuggling cigarettes in turn undermining the legitimate market for cigarette companies running and operating under legal channels of business.A brief on the United Kingdoms ci garette industry reveals that 1 in every 5 cigarettes is smuggled into the country, which adds to a huge20 present of the entire cigarette industry of United Kingdom.In similar context is the call for a ban on the sale of duty free cigarettes, as the primary objective behind the promotion of duty free sale of cigarettes, or for that matter any other product is reduction in illicit trade of that particular item. A ban on the duty free sale of cigarettes would practically jeopardize the regulated duty free retail of that product, and at the same time have a minimal effect on the sale of cigarettes. On the contrary a ban on the duty free sale of cigarettes would simply bring about a shift in the market of cigarettes from a duty free environment to one that is largely controlled by domestic market.Another related aspect of the cigarette vending industry is that of various standards and policies which are aimed at raising awareness about the potential health risks associated with smoking . Trade zones such as those found in European Union for example are ample grounds for such standards and policies to be levied, which in turn allow for uniform results as well as derive common interests amongst the respective countries.The non-smoking segment of the populations is yet another vital area of focus for cigarette manufacturing companies. As also a public health issue, the non-smokers are prone to, and thus demand protective measures from passive smoking. In this respect, there exist two schools of thought one that disregards any findings and conclusions, which present cigarette smoke as a potential health hazard for non-smokers.This group though acknowledges that cigarette smoke is indeed a source of annoyance as well as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Yet, they also call for an approach based on simple logic and common sense and co-operation. While the second school of thought, such as M/Gallaher, one of the major cigarette manufacturing and marketing com panies in the UK, contend that government initiatives including the Air Quality program are viable and productive programs to address vital public smoking issues.Literature ReviewsThere have a number of writings and case studies, which prove the effectiveness of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry,. These writings and studies have convincingly proven that direct mail has had positive affect and its influences have directly contributed to the rise in cigarette sales, in turn promoting the cigarette vending industry in general. Thus, it would not be wrong to state, as also proven from the following case studies, that the direct mail strategy in the cigarette vending industry has proven to affect smoking initiation as well as consumption.A brief historical perspective also reveals that cigarette manufacturing companies the world over have significantly changed their focus from the traditional advertising tithe use of techniques which emphasize on developing as well as maintai ning a relationship with individual customers. Direct mail through direct communication thus offers cigarette-vending industry source of generating sales including obtaining measurable response in related areas of marketing. (Pierce et al, 1998 Beemer and Siegel,2000 Safer and Chaloupka, 1999 Anderson et al, 2002 Slade, 2001Lewis and Littler, 1999)One of the most effective techniques, and perhaps one of the oldest as well, is that of utilizing mailing list of individuals maintained by major and minor cigarette vending companies alike. It is this list of individuals or customers, which serves as the potential for direct mail for cigarette vending industry. This list is also used for the distribution of coupons, sweepstakes offers, and brand-loyalty programme catalogues. Also included in the items distributed through direct mail are event announcements sponsored by the cigarette vending industry, and magazines published by major tobacco manufacturing companies. Practically all these i tems which are sent to individuals using the direct mail system contain activities and feature images which serve a two-fold purpose.First, these promotional items are designed in such a manner to make emotional appeals to customers. Second, they serve to strengthen, rather reinforce the existing images of the various brands of cigarettes in the market. There are different modes of collecting such list of individuals, which includes events that are sponsored by the cigarette industry, sweepstake forms, signed coupons as well as brand-loyalty program orders. These listings more often than not include some form of a response mechanism, which invites recipients to fill out surveys for example, or mention their lifestyle preferences.A statistic covering the US cigarette industry with particular reference to the role of direct mail reveals that there has been general rising trend in the use of direct mail in the United States. Brief on the 6 largest US cigarette manufacturers showed that they collectively spend a staggering amount of US 133.9 million dollars on direct mail in 2001. This was an increase of 131.8 present from the figures of 1998. One may note that these huge figures do not include sums spent on coupons or specialty items distributed through the mail system. (USFTC, 2002)A survey carried out by a team of doctors at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, in the United States provided for results which convincingly proved that direct mail in the cigarette vending industry not only enhanced initiation, but effectively raised the chances for potential smokers. This survey comprised of some 3900adults, and primarily focused on the answer to 3 questions. (University of Medicine and Dentistry NJ, 2002 SUDAAN, 2001)Questionnaire for the Survey Did any of the participant receive direct mail from a tobacco company within the last 6 months, including magazines, coupons, or catalogues. Did any of the participants use a coupon to buy cigarettes. Did any of the participants save any UPC codes, or tokens from any brand-loyalty programmes of a tobacco manufacturer.Results of the SurveyThe results of the above questionnaire from the selected adult participants showed that the current range of smoking populations were4 to 5 times more likely to have received direct mail within the past 6months as compared to those who had never smoked before or were belonged to the former smoking community.Second, the survey showed that smokers who had quit smoking in the last 12 months were 2 to 4 times more likely to receive direct mail as compared to those who had never smoked or those who belonged to the former smoking community.The survey also revealed that the white populations as compared to other groups of populations topped the list of individuals receiving direct mail offers for cigarettes or related material in aid of marketing for a given brand of cigarette. The use of coupons was found to be the highest amongst the female smoking community, white adults as well as those falling within the age group of 25 and 64 years. Similarly, saving for programs such as brand-reward programs was also found to be highest amongst current population of smokers, white segment of the population as well as the those falling within the age bracket of 18 and 24 years.Discussion on the Findings and Literature ReviewThe above findings significantly provided evidence that direct mail served to increase the consumption of cigarettes, and subsequently impede cessation. The said survey also found that coupons delivered through the direct mail to individuals were originally designed to bring about a reduction in prices of cigarettes, as well as simultaneously offset the impact of rise in taxes and other control measures levied by respective authorities.It was also found that programs offered through direct mail, such as brand-loyalty programs were intended to reward and encourage smokers through offer for additional purchases. The surve y also revealed that direct mail marketing for cigarettes was originally designed to restrict switching of brands amongst customers. However, this strategy was only cover-up, and instead such direct mail offers allowed and in fact assisted smokers to continue smoking.The above literature review and survey on the role of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry shows numerous legislations, public campaigns against smoking, proven addictive behaviours resulting in serious health repercussions and rising awareness levels against thrill effects of smoking all have somewhat forced cigarette manufacturing companies the world over to adopt direct mail strategies. These direct mail strategies not only provide smokers with appealing and inviting messages they move a step further and offer rewards for smoking. Direct mail also offers an excellent mode of communicating directly with customers, which is all too easily disguised and more than hidden from the piercing scrutiny of the public health community. It is also an effective strategy against rising restrictions on the different and traditional modes of advertising. In this respect a direct mail marketing plan of the world renowned Philip Morris also notes that direct mail is indeed one of the influencing factors in the use and consumption of cigarettes. (Slade, 2001 Strategic Plan, 1995)The above literature review and survey also reveals though direct mail is only one of the many marketing techniques adopted by cigarette vending industry, it is undoubtedly one which is witnessing continuous growth pattern, and one that is likely to grow in the future as well. The use of direct mail strategy is all the more worthy of concern as the cigarette vending industry is witnessed to continually change its marketing strategies in response to rising set of legislations and public opinion. It also a proven fact that practically all those involved in cigarette vending industry pursue a marketing strategy with a singular objec tive one which aims to encourage initiation and consumption in smoking cigarettes.To curb such efforts, and to bring about a control for restricting such marketing strategies including direct mail, there is an ever-demanding need to fully comprehend marketing tactics utilized by cigarette vending industry. Included in these efforts is removal of the names of the individuals from the list maintained by cigarette vending industry by the smokers themselves as they decide to quit smoking. The exposure of probable intent on the part of cigarette vending industry and possible effects of such direct mail strategies along with measures, which serve as potential triggers, such as the presence of ashtrays, should also be taken into account. (Fiore et al, 2000 King, 2001)2nd Literature ReviewIn continuation with our dissertation on the effectiveness of direct mail on the cigarette vending industry, yet another research carried out by Lynn McFadden of the University of Strathclyde and published in the British Medical Journal issue of March 2001 is presented here. This research uncovers young peoples awareness about marketing strategies adopted by cigarette vending industry and their involvement and association with their smoking behaviours.One of the most successful methods of direct mail marketing is one, which is carried out at the point of sale. It is the venue of point of sale where a number of cigarette vending industrialists tend to focus, as also evident in the research findings of the University of Strathclyde. The research comprised of some 629 young people, aged between the ages of 15 and 16, and all of who had opted to be a part of the research through a postal consent procedure.The focus of the research, as also stated in the preceding lines waste examination of young peoples awareness of and involvement with cigarette marketing. The research also sought to determine the level of association, if any, amongst the group of young people between the level of aware ness and the their smoking behaviours.The overall findings of the above research comprising of young people revealed an extra-ordinary high level of awareness and equally high levels of involvement of young people in the marketing strategies of cigarette vending industry. Out of the 629 participants involved in the research, some 95 present of them were more than aware of the various advertising techniques utilized by the cigarette vending industry, as also aware of the various methods utilized in the point of sale marketing. Thus, both the aspects, those of awareness and involvement with cigarette vending industry were strongly found to be related with being a smoker. This was more than proven from the statistics derived in the said research.For example out of the group of some 185 participants, 55 or a huge 30 present of the research participants admitted that they had received free gifts through coupons attached with the cigarette packs. A comparison with non-smoking community sh owed that only 11 present or 21 out of 199 participants had received fee gifts through coupons in the cigarette packs. Furthermore, it was also revealed in the same set of researches that aside from the awareness element about coupon schemes, participates were also equally aware about brand stretching and tobacco marketing, all of which were linked in some way or the other with their smoking habits. (DOH, 1992Atiken et al, 1987 Led with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al,1996 Aitken et al, 1991)The above research thus concluded the young populations aged 15 and16 were not only fully aware on the various aspects of cigarette marketing including direct mail and marketing at the point of sales they were also more than associated with the different cigarette vending industries in the marketing of cigarettes and both the awareness and involvement in the marketing were linked with their smoking status and habits. These findings also called for a more stringent set of statutory legisl ations, as compared to the otherwise voluntary regulations which are primarily designed to protect these teenagers, and which have become somewhat ineffective.Other findings from the above carried out researches revealed and established the fact that the role of the mass media in advertising encouraged smoking amongst the younger populations. From a purely economics perspective, the same findings showed that expenditure on advertising pointed towards an increase in the prevalence, while a drop in the expenditures on advertising resulted in the subsequent drop in the prevalence of cigarette consumption, thereby proving a direct relationship between advertising and consumption of cigarettes.These studies focusing on the younger population showed that teenagers smoking cigarettes are more likely to appreciate as also be aware of the tobacco and cigarette advertising related sponsorships, merchandising and vending. In line with such studies, other cohort studies on the same segment of t eenage smoking populations resulted in similar results and furthermore predicted a tendency of future smoking behaviours amongst the researched populations. (DOH, 1992 Aitken et al,1987 Led with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al, 1996 Aitken al, 1991)A similar experiment involving some 2400 teenagers all aged a 15years, yet only differentiated by sex and postal addresses were taken for a research project from an area in the North of England. These teenagers were invited to participate in the research programme after due consent from their parents/guardians with the primary objective of deriving some 280 smokers from the total lot of participants. With response rate of more than 48 present, some 1062 responded to the call for invitation and studies carried out from the set of questionnaires mailed to each participant along with the consent form.The results obtained from the 1062 participant teenagers (all aged15 years) showed that one in every 5 teenager was involved in smoking ,214 teenagers or 20 present of the respondents were regular smokers,825 or a huge 78 present not regular smokers, while 23 respondents or 2percent of the total respondents declined to divulge their smoking status.In continuation with the studies on the teenage smoking population, a random number of 373 respondents were gradually removed from the research list, as they were not regular smokers. The removal of these selected respondents further narrowed the research to those who were in the habit of, or were involved in smoking cigarettes. The number of respondents was now brought down from 1062, as also stated in the opening lines of these paragraphs, to 686 candidates only.These 686 teenage candidates were then interviewed through a team of professional interviewers, who were in turn instructed to make at least4 clear attempts to gain positive research results. The interviewers were not given any prior information as the status of smoking habits of the interviewed candidates so as to derive a transparent set of findings. Here too, the permission of the parents/guardians was sought prior to the interview, as well as a 5-Pound gift voucher was also handed to each candidate.In carrying out the above research 629 out of the total 686respondents were successfully interviewed. Those who were left out did so due to the passage of time, as by the time the research was concluded, the respondents had entered their 16th year, whereas the entire team of research candidates belonged to the 15 year old age bracket only. Each of the candidates was given two sets of questionnaires one included a face to face interview with the teenage candidate, while the candidate in the presence of their guardians/parents filled out the second questionnaire.One may note that there was no influence of the parents presence on the part of the respondent teenagers. Each of the questionnaires resulted in the awareness, as well as the involvement of the candidates with the different techniques u sed in the marketing by the cigarette vending industry including direct mail marketing. The findings of the research revealed the smoking habits/status of the teenage candidates, their future intentions for smoking, education levels, and smoking by their peers, siblings, and whether their parents smoked or not. (DOH, 1992Atiken et al, 1987 Led with, 1984 Charlton et al, 1997 Altman et al,1996 Aitken et al, 1991)A detailed analysis of the awareness element of the teenage group interviewed showed that in comparison to the non-smoking teenage population, those who smoked cigarettes were more than aware of practically all forms of marketing techniques including direct mail marketing. Information from the respondents showed that teenagers involved in smoking were also fully aware of the different types, but also knew about advertisements in magazines, newspapers, special price schemes, and offers for cigarettes. In addition, majority of the smoking teenage population had witnessed advert ising on billboards, where more than fifty present of those interviewed had read about some form of cigarette marketing in the press. Also included were advertisements and marketing at point of sales, coupon schemes, and special price offers for cigarettes.Other findings from the research of the 15 year old teenagers revealed that 20 present of the said teenage population had witnessed some form of brand stretching, which included clothing or other items with logos of famous brands of cigarettes, new pack designs, the different and attractive nature and size of the cigarettes, free gifts offered through cigarettes, competitions, and watching famous personalities smoking in films and on television. Though at a lower level, there was awareness on the various promotional mails from cigarette vending industry, distribution of free cigarettes, and to some extent from the network, or the Internet.Thus, it was observed that young smokers were more than fully aware of practically all forms of cigarette marketing techniques including direct mail, in comparison to non-smokers or those who had tried to join the smoking populations. The awareness on the marketing aspect on the part of the teenage populations was more noticeable where free gifts, special price offers, promotional mail, and newer forms of cigarette packs and designs.Marketing of Cigarettes and Role of TeenagersAs also stated in the above researched teenage smoking group, there was significant evidence to suggest the involvement and role of teenagers in the marketing of cigarettes including both direct mail and coupon schemes. It was also revealed there was little difference amongst male and female teenagers both of who participated somewhat equally in the marketing of cigarettes.A statistical break-up of the smoking teenager population and the non-smoking teenagers showed that more than fifty present of the smoking populations amongst the teenagers had willingly participated in one or other form of marketin g for cigarette companies. In comparison, some 25 present of non-smokers and those who had tried smoking had also participated in some form of marketing for cigarettes.The above research on the teenage smoking population also showed that some 33 present of those interviewed had received free gifts through coupons schemes another 25 present were in receipt of the special price offers for cigarettes, and a smaller 10 present of the teenage population had received free gifts through direct mail schemes at events organized by the cigarette vending company or received the same through promotional mail schemes.The above findings thus conclusively show that there is a more than strong relationship between awareness of each cigarette marketing technique and current smoking status while variable linked with teenage smoking are held constant. In particular, the awareness of coupon schemes and brand stretching are one way or the other linked to the enhanced probability of the individual being a current smoker, as also with having friends who smoke, siblings, or either parent being smoker.In this study, having friends as smokers was found to be a great influencing factor with the individual being a current smoker. The number of marketing techniques also varied and left a positive mark on the current smoking status and habit of the teenagers interviewed. Hereto, the presence of a close friend, either parent, or siblings was directly associated with an enhanced probability factor for a current smoker.A break up of the different marketing techniques to which the teenage populations are exposed show that package design or price promotion account for a larger exposure, as compared for example brand stretching and shop advertising, the latter of which had little or no effect on the teenage segment of the smoking population. In spite of the above findings, a common factor to emerge was that the young populations was observed to receive some form of benefit, reward, or reassuranc e from either of the cigarette vending industries hence a reinforcement of smoking habits, or promotion of smoking amongst the teenage populations.These research more than confirms the need for a stronger set of legislation and laws. The research also calls for an equally tighter set of controls on the marketing techniques adopted by the cigarette vending industries across the United Kingdom. It also proves that the current voluntary form of regulations primarily designed to protect would be smokers, new smokers, and in particular teenage and younger populations are failing, and there is a greater and crucial need for revision of the same. The British Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Bill should be so designed to comprehensively ban some of the most famous forms of marketing such as coupon and brand stretching the ban should move a step further and outlaw practically all forms and modes of marketing by the cigarette vending industry.Laws, Regulations and Loopholes Exploited by the Cigarette Vending Industry by Marketing/Promotion of CigarettesThis section of the dissertation will address some of the applicable laws and regulations presently levied in the United Kingdom as well as through the directives of the European Union for all member states respectively. It will also take into account the various loopholes and exploiting measures employed by the cigarette vending industry, as they bypass or practically ignore effective regulations to promote the sale of cigarettes, including various forms of direct mail, as also the subject of our above dissertation.One of the first sets of regulations is the European Union Directive98/43/EC, which was duly accepted as a law as of 30th July 1998. Theseus Directive specifically called for minimal tobacco advertising inside the shops. Though the directive contains a summary and overview of the measures and timetable for the implementation of the directive, the salient feature of this directive calls for member government o f the European Union including United Kingdom to ban all forms of commercial communication as well as sponsorships, both of which primarily aim actor influence the promotion of tobacco products.An overview of the above said directive shows that though this covers vast area of advertising, and is largely utilized by the cigarette/tobacco vending industry to promote their respective products the objective of the directive is to bring a halt to the transfer or changeover of promotion techniques used in the marketing of cigarettes. However, the same directive is all too easily exploited through loopholes and exemptions such as those enjoyed by the sellers of tobacco only, marketing at limited point of sales, imported publications, and use of vague language.Brand StretchingOne of the areas which perhaps provide as one of the largest loopholes for the cigarette vending industry in their endeavours to market their brand of cigarettes is that of brand stretching. As also discussed in detail in the above present literature reviews and researches, brand stretching is the use of non-tobacco products and services to advertise tobacco and various cigarette brands. These include for example clothes with logos of famous cigarette brands, shoes, and other items, which though are one of the means for marketing yet in reality they serve to attract the attention of current as well as would be smoker populations alike.This directive is one step short of a total ban on all forms of advertising including such direct mail advertising as utilized by Marlboro Classics, yet it allows governments to exempt advertising where the branding is visibly different from the brand of the cigarette and where advertising is done in good faith without clarifying the actual meaning of the phrase good faith. Thus, we have a loophole duly utilized by the cigarette vending industry in the form of relaxation on such advertising, and use of such phrases as good faith.3rd Literature Review An Insight int o Advertising As One of the Strongest Forms of Direct mail Marketing Strategy Used by the Cigarette Vending IndustryStudies carried out by British Governments health S